机场飞机噪声的预测研究

本文以机场飞机噪声为研究对象,采用国际民航组织推荐使用的计权等效连续感觉噪声级(LWECPN)为评价量,以广汉机场为例,通过定量分析,利用MATLAB拟合出机场周围各监测点飞机噪声与跑道中心线对数距离的线性方程,然后将该方程用于对未知监测点的LWECPN预测,并与实测数据对比检验其准确度。结果表明,采用该线性拟合预测方法所得到的未知监测点的噪声预测值与实测值较为接近,两者的相对误差保持在1.0%到2.0%之间,预测准确度较好。值得一提的是,该方法操作相对简便,可以达到快速预测机场周边噪声敏感点LWECPN的目的,为今后飞机噪声的预测研究提出一种新的预测方法,具有一定的实际意义。     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

紫外法快速测定废水中微量油的研究

建立快速测定废水中微量油的紫外分光光度法。使用正己烷作为萃取和测试溶剂,同国标方法(GB/T16488-1996)所用的四氯化碳相比可减少对测试人员的伤害。使用浓硫酸磺化和蒸馏相结合的提纯溶剂方法,可节省实验的准备时间。结果表明,该方法所需设备简单,不需特殊试剂,测定速度快,准确度较高。     

连续性在快速成形中的应用

将实体几何连续性应用于快速分层,可以降低内存,加快信息提取时间。另外,沿垂直于z向将巨型STL格式文件分割成多个STL格式文件,依次成形,可以避免巨型STL格式文件的读入错误和手工粘结带来的误差,提高了制件精度。     

MBR工艺处理磷霉素制药废水启动实验

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane bioreactor,MBR)土艺处理磷霉素制药废水,考察了MBR反应器的启动过程及MBR工艺对磷霉素废水的处理效果和稳定性.结果表明,COD值为1 498.9 mg/L,总磷浓度为105.4 mg/L,有机磷浓度为98.0 mg/L的磷霉素废水,反应器在启动30d后MBR内的污泥驯...     

复合式厌氧折流板反应器启动性能研究

研究了以厌氧污泥接种的复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)的启动,考察了其快速启动过程中的处理效果及颗粒污泥的形成。结果表明:在中温(34±1)℃条件下,先固定进水浓度为1000 mg/L,逐步缩短水力停留时间(HRT):48 h-24h-12 h,后固定HRT为18 h,并逐步提高COD浓度的方法,HABR在38 d内完成了启动。启动完成时容积负荷为3.3 kgCOD/(m3.d),COD去除率>95%,出水pH在6.9~7.2,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的浓度小于2 mmol/L。启动过程中表现出了明显的生物相选择和分离特性,同时证明HABR中填料上的生物量对COD的去除有一定的作用。     

纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性

为研究纤维载体在CANON工艺中的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥及厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器.结果表明经过85 d运行,成功启动了CANON反应器,NRR从0.09 kg·(m3·d)-1提升至0.9 kg·(m3·d)-1并能稳定运行,说明纤维载体有利于富集污泥,反应器内能维持较高的生物量.随着微生物的富集生长,生物膜变厚,反应器的能力提升,反应器中DO达到5 mg·L-1.利用微电极测得生物膜由表及里的DO梯度为0.32~0 mg·L-1,说明生物膜变厚,氧对生物膜的穿透力减弱,亚硝化微生物量降低.荧光定量PCR结果表明,启动前后NOB菌数量维持在较低水平,AOB菌的丰度增长不大,ANAMMOX菌细胞增长了一个数量级.     

碘离子选择电极快速测定食盐中碘的含量

利用碘离子选择电极,以0．1mol／LKNO（3^-）0.01mol／L酒石酸为总离子强度调节荆、Na2SO3为还原保护剂,将加碘食盐中的10（3^-）还原为I^-,在双液接饱和甘汞电极为参比电极的条件下,采用直接电位法和标准曲线法直接测定了溶液中的碘含量,实验结果表明,本方法线性范围10^（-1）～10^（-7）mol／L,检测下限4.6×10^（-8）mol／L,样品具有较好的回收率（98．2％-100．7％）,可以用此方法测定食盐中I^-的含量。     

不同大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数对河流水质指示比较

大型底栖动物是河流健康评价中最常用的生物类群,鉴于在大区域/流域进行大量生物样品采集与生物评价时需要消耗大量的野外调查时间、实验室内鉴定时间等时间成本的问题,基于浑太河流域98个采样点的大型底栖动物数据(如物种、丰度、敏感值等)和环境因子〔ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(TN)、EC(电导率)等〕,选择比较常用的5种大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数〔SIGNAL指数(stream invertebrate grade number-average level)、EPT-Fa指数(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera)、BMWP指数(biological monitoring working party)、ASPT指数(average score per taxon)和BP指数(Berger-Parker index)〕和1项生物完整性指数(benthic index of biotic integrity,B-IBI)进行比较. 通过Spearman秩相关性分析、主成分分析、线性拟合回归分析等方法比较6种生物评价指数的相关性,构建水环境污染梯度,识别出主要的水环境影响因子,并探讨5种大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数对主要水环境影响因子指示程度的差异性. 结果表明:①5种快速生物评价指数以及B-IBI指数之间均呈两两显著相关(|R|为0.35~0.94, P<0.01),说明它们在评估河流健康状况时具有较高的一致性. ②主成分分析结果显示,轴1的解释率为59.14%,可以有效表征主要的压力梯度,并且5种快速生物评价指数与轴1的线性拟合度均较高(R2为0.23~0.31, P<0.01). ③各快速生物评价指数与不同水质指标的线性拟合结果差异性较高,其中BMWP、EPT-Fa、SIGNAL和ASPT指数对ρ(COD_Mn)的线性拟合度均较高,BMWP指数对ρ(COD_Mn) (R2=0.47, P＜0.01)、ρ(NH₃-N) (R2=0.31, P＜0.01)、ρ(TN) (R2=0.27, P＜0.01)的线性拟合度较高,BP指数对ρ(BOD₅) (R2=0.22, P＜0.01)、EC (R2=0.24, P＜0.01)的线性拟合度较高. ④BMWP指数与B-IBI指数的相关性最为显著,并且二者对水质健康评价的结果最为接近;在浑太河流域河流水质状况评估中,BMWP指数应当作为首选快速生物评价指数.      

Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations

Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive‐wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic–genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density‐dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical. Evaluación de Estrategias Alternativas para Minimizar las Consecuencias No Inesperadas en la Adecuación de Individuos Criados en Cautiverio sobre Poblaciones Silvestres