美国环境保护与环境技术产业发展的主要经验和启示

随着经济和社会的发展，保护人类赖以生存的环境，走可持续发展之路，已成为世界范围内人们的共识，环境污染问题已日益成为人们关注的焦点。美国环境保护发展的历史与现状，揭示出一些促进环境保护和环境技术产业发展的经验，值得我们借鉴。     

对高校扩招有关问题的思考

高等院校扩大招生,满足了广大群众迫切希望接受高等教育的愿望,满足了社会对各种高级专门人才日益增长的需求。伴随着连续的扩招,在高教界普遍出现了基础设施不足,教育质量受到影响的现象,本文针对这一问题进行分析与探讨,并提出了改进的建议。     

清洁生产:由生产领域扩展至消费领域——结合《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》相关规定评析之

本文通过分析清洁生产和消费的含义,指出清洁生产的调整范围包括消费环节.我国《清洁生产促进法》的内容体现了清洁生产从生产领域扩展到消费领域这一新动向.本文论证了这一新发展的正当性和合理性,最后结合具体法条进行分析,指出相关制度手段和意义所在.     

Genetically Modified (GM) Crops: Precautionary Science and Conflicts of Interests

Risk governance of GM plants and GMfood products is presently subject to heatedscientific and public controversies. Scientistsand representatives of the biotechnologyindustry have dominated debates concerningsafety issues. The public is suspicious withregard to the motives of scientists, companies,and political institutions involved. Thedilemmas posed are nested, embracing valuequestions, scientific uncertainty, andcontextual issues. The obvious lack of data andinsufficient information concerning ecologicaleffects call for application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP). There are,however, divergent opinions among scientistsabout the relevance of putative hazards,definition of potential ``adverse effects,' andwhether actions should be taken to preventharm. The reliance on the concept ofsubstantial equivalence in safety evaluation ofGM food is equally controversial. Consequently,value assumptions embedded in a scientificframework may be a barrier for employment ofthe PP. One of our major conclusions is thatprecautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well asbroader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. Conflicts ofinterest and public participation are otherissues that need to be taken intoconsideration. GMP governance regimes that arejustifiable from a precautionary and ethicalpoint of view must transcend traditionalscientific boundaries to include alternativescientific perspectives as well as publicinvolvement.     

You Are What You Eat: Genetically Modified Foods, Integrity, and Society

Thus far, the moral debateconcerning genetically modified foods (GMF) hasfocused on extrinsic consequentialist questionsabout the health effects, environmental impacts,and economic benefits of such foods. Thisextrinsic approach to the morality of GMF isdependent on unsubstantiated empirical claimsand fails to account for the intrinsic moralvalue of food and food choice and theirconnection to the agent's concept of the goodlife. I develop a set of objections to GMFgrounded in the concept of integrity andmaintain that food and food choice can beintimately connected to the agent's personalintegrity. I argue that due to the constitutionof GMF and the manner in which they areproduced, such foods are incompatible with thefundamental values and integrity of certainindividual moral agents or groups. I identifythree types of integrity that are threatened byGMF: religious, consumer, and integrity basedon certain other moral or metaphysical grounds.I maintain that these types of integrity aresufficiently important to provide justificationfor political and societal actions to protectthe interests of those affected. I conclude byproposing specific steps for handling GMFconsistent with the moral principles ofinformed consent, non-maleficence, and respectfor the integrity of all members of society.They include mandatory labeling of GMF, theimplementation of a system for control andregulations concerning such foods, andguaranteed provision of conventional foods.     

论三峡库区城市污水、垃圾处理市场化

论述了用市场化模式解决三峡库区城市污水处理场和垃圾处理场的建设和运营问题，并提出了市场化的总体架构。     

BUILDUP,WASHOFF, AND EVENT MEAN CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Most watershed water quality simulation models require the user to specify pollutant buildup and washoff rate parameters for pollutants, by land use. Buildup and washoff rates are difficult to measure directly, and only limited guidance and few observed data are available from the literature. Many studies, however, report storm event mean concentrations (EMCs). These EMCs must arise as a result of the buildup and washoff processes, but typically represent the net contribution from a variety of pervious and impervious surfaces. This paper explores the relationship between EMCs and buildup/washoff parameters. An assumption of the mathematical form of the buildup/washoff relationship gives an algebraic expression for the EMC consistent with model assumptions. This yields techniques to separate observed EMCs into contributions from different land uses and from pervious and impervious surfaces. Given this relationship, numerical optimization may be used to estimate site specific values of buildup and washoff parameters from observed storm EMCs for use in modeling. Use of this approach helps ensure that model parameters are consistent with observed data, providing a rational starting point for final model calibration. Several site examples demonstrate use of the method.     

运用“12345”安全文化系统工程追求长久的安全效应

通过安全生产的理论和实践活动相结合 ,笔者从一个行业出发 ,阐述了安全文化系统工程 ,概括、总结并创建了以“1个严为特征、2个抓为重点、3项工作为途径、4个规范为核心、5个开展为动力”的“12 345”安全文化系统工程 ,以系统思维、以人为本、科学管理的思想 ,论述了“12 345”安全文化系统工程的形成过程 ,为安全工作系统化、科学化、规范化和丰富安全文化的内容 ,追求长久的安全效应 ,提供了新的思路和方法。     

入侵检测的1类支持向量机模型

计算机网络尤其是互联网的迅速发展与普及 ,使得信息安全已经成为一个全球瞩目的重要研究课题。随着攻击技术的不断进步与更新 ,迫切需要一种有效的入侵检测技术来保护信息系统的安全。由于几乎所有的攻击与滥用都被记录在系统的网络数据中 ,因而可以基于计算机系统的网络数据构造入侵检测系统。在对网络数据进行深刻的分析和研究的基础上 ,提出了入侵检测的 1类支持向量机模型。第一 ,构造适于异常点检测的1类支持向量机模型 ;第二利用抽象化的网络数据对该模型进行训练以确定其中各个参数的值。实验表明 ,该方法是行之有效的     

利用地理信息系统(GIS)开发多功能空管系统

在航空运输中 ,飞行安全最为重要 ,空管指挥是保证飞行安全的重要手段。地理信息系统 (GIS)能够将空间位置和性质属性结合在一起 ,非常适合空管指挥中直观性、安全性方面的需要。笔者在研究开发多功能空管系统的基础上 ,讨论了对地形、地物、航道、空管区、禁飞区等进行数字化的方法 ,提出了系统开发的主要技术 ,介绍了多功能空管系统的显示、控制、示警、辅助决策、智能纠错等功能 ,指出了空管系统的发展方向