Offspring sex ratio response to host size in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

The host size model, an adaptive model for maternal manipulation of offspring sex ratio, was examined for the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius. In a Florida strain, as the model predicts, daughters emerged from larger hosts than sons, but only when mothers received both small and large hosts simultaneously. The pattern appeared to result from the mother's ovipositional choice and not from differential mortality of the sexes during development. If sex ratio manipulation is adaptive in the Florida strain, it appears to be through a benefit to daughters of developing on large hosts rather than through a benefit to sons of developing on small hosts. Both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. For females, developing on a larger host (1) increased offspring production, except for the largest hosts, (2) increased longevity, (3) lengthened development, and (4) had no effect on wing loading. For males, development on a larger host had no effect on any measure of male fitness – mating success, longevity, development duration, or wing loading. In contrast, a strain from India showed no difference in the size of hosts from which daughters versus sons emerged, although both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. These results together with previous studies of Spalangia reveal no consistent connection between host-size-dependent sex ratio and host-size-dependent parasitoid size among strains of S. endius or among species of Spalangia. Received: 28 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 20 May 1999 / Accepted: 30 May 1999     

滑坡灾害空间预测结果的评价方法

介绍了目前对滑坡灾害空间预测结果进行定量评价的3种方法,并对每种方法进行了分析和比较。基于将预测结果与历史滑坡相对比的评价思路,引入了"滑坡比"的概念,定义其为:相应易滑度指标值的邻域所包含的预测单元中,曾发生滑坡的单元所占比例;并指出,好的预测结果应满足:易滑度指标值越大,滑坡比越大,且指标值相对较大时,相应滑坡比应较接近于1。在此基础上,提出采用预测率函数曲线所围面积之比,即"面积比"评价指标来对预测结果进行评价,并通过理论分析和实例,证明了该评价方法较现有方法确有改进。     

钢筋混凝土箱型高墩双向拟静力试验研究

随着高墩大跨桥梁的广泛应用,其抗震问题也越来越突出。本文主要考虑轴压比、长细比的影响,进行了6个钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩缩尺模型的双向拟静力试验,以及反复荷载作用下的非线性分析。研究表明:①钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩柱在多维荷载共同作用下,主要发生典型的弯曲破坏,但剪切作用也不容忽视;②墩柱的破坏受到不同方向耦合作用的显著影响,尤其是抗弯刚度小的一侧受到的影响更大,较早就出现开裂,提前进入塑性发展阶段;③非线性有限元计算的滞回曲线、骨架曲线等与试验结果基本吻合;④建立了考虑轴压比、长细比影响的钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩的双向荷载—位移恢复力模型,该模型基本能够反映钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩的抗震性能,可供钢筋混凝土箱型高墩柱及高墩桥梁结构的抗震设计和动力计算参考。     

山区乡村房屋模型洪水冲击试验研究

洪水对山区乡村房屋冲击作用的试验研究成果,可为山区乡村房屋的抗洪设计和抗洪能力评价提供依据。试验主要研究到溃口不同距离处的乡村房屋所受的洪水冲击作用。采用3种开洞率模型进行试验,研究洪水在不同距离、不同开洞率的情况下对房屋结构的冲击荷载分布、冲击力大小以及冲击弯矩的影响,得出了荷载分布规律和冲击力、冲击弯矩的变化规律。研究结果表明,迎水面冲击荷载沿水平方向的变化无明显规律,沿竖直方向随着高度的增大而逐渐减小;冲击力随着房屋到溃口距离的增大而增大,而开洞率对其影响不明显;冲击弯矩、冲击作用力随着距离的增大而增大,随着开洞率的增大而减小。     

等效阻尼比对基于位移的抗震设计的影响分析

等效阻尼比是基于位移抗震设计中确定等效周期的一个关键参数。通过对不同研究者提出的等效阻尼比模型进行比较研究,重点讨论了滞回模型、延性系数和等效周期对等效阻尼比的影响。结果表明,不同等效阻尼比模型的总体变化趋势是一致的;滞回模型对等效阻尼比有很大影响,Ramberg-Osgood模型的等效阻尼比是Flagshaped模型的2.56倍;等效阻尼比随着延性系数的增大而增大,尤其在μ=2～4范围内变化幅度最大;短周期与中长周期等效阻尼比相差2倍多,故等效周期小于1 s时,必须考虑其对等效阻尼比的影响。     

生活垃圾堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学研究

为了改善堆肥微环境 ,提高生活垃圾堆肥速率 ,研究堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学是非常必要的。通过控制堆肥工艺条件 ,如初始温度、含水率、C/N比及堆料颗粒大小 ,研究生活垃圾堆肥过程中生物、化学及物理因素的变化。试验结果表明 ,生活垃圾堆肥反应符合一级反应动力学 ;合理控制堆肥初始反应条件 ,能明显提高堆肥效率。     

北京市丰台区永定河以东浅层地下水水化学演变规律及成因分析

为更好支撑北京市丰台区地下水资源开发利用、污染管控与防治工作,以丰台区永定河以东区域枯水期浅层地下水长序列监测数据为基础,综合运用数理统计、Gibbs图和离子比例分析等方法探究了丰台区地下水水化学演变规律、形成机制及污染来源,结果表明：①研究区现状地下水质量整体较差,地下水中各指标平均浓度自1976年至今呈先升高后降低趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和总硬度（TH）污染范围总体呈扩大趋势,溶解性总固体（TDS）和硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）污染范围以2005年为拐点呈先扩大后缩小趋势;②各年份地下水中优势阴、阳离子均为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺,1976年和2021年地下水水化学类型数依次为8和17种,其主要水型依次为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg·Na（40%）和HCO₃·Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na·Mg（23.88%）,各年份区域范围内与沿地下水流向上地下水水化学类型均呈现复杂化趋势,地下水水文地球化学演变过程中水化学组分受人为活动影响显著;③地下水受岩石风化和蒸发结晶双重作用,且以蒸发作用为主,地下水阳离子交替作用较弱,碳酸盐矿物的溶解为Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的主要来源;④离子比例分析得出,外源输入的NO₃^-和Cl^-主要来源于农业活动、城市污水,且2005年前农业活动污染影响较大,与研究区历史上大量渗坑、渗井、工业和生活污水灌溉直排关系密切.     

The performance of nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes under variable initial Fe/N ratios: The fate of nitrogen and iron species

•Bacterially-mediated coupled N and Fe processes examined in incubation experiments. •NO₃⁻ reduction was considerably inhibited as initial Fe/N ratio increased. •The maximum production of N₂ occurred at an initial Fe/N molar ratio of 6. •Fe minerals produced at Fe/N ratios of 1–2 were mainly easily reducible oxides. The Fe/N ratio is an important control on nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes that occur both in the aquatic environment and in wastewater treatment systems. The response of nitrate reduction, Fe oxidation, and mineral production to different initial Fe/N molar ratios in the presence of Paracoccus denitrificans was investigated in 132 h incubation experiments. A decrease in the nitrate reduction rate at 12 h occurred as the Fe/N ratio increased. Accumulated nitrite concentration at Fe/N ratios of 2–10 peaked at 12–84 h, and then decreased continuously to less than 0.1 mmol/L at the end of incubation. N₂O emission was promoted by high Fe/N ratios. Maximum production of N₂ occurred at a Fe/N ratio of 6, in parallel with the highest mole proportion of N₂ resulting from the reduction of nitrate (81.2%). XRD analysis and sequential extraction demonstrated that the main Fe minerals obtained from Fe(II) oxidation were easily reducible oxides such as ferrihydrite (at Fe/N ratios of 1–2), and easily reducible oxides and reducible oxides (at Fe/N ratios of 3–10). The results suggest that Fe/N ratio potentially plays a critical role in regulating N₂, N₂O emissions and Fe mineral formation in nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes.     

泊松比对巷道稳定性影响的数值模拟试验研究

泊松比是分析岩体性质的重要物理力学参数之一。为了分析泊松比对巷道稳定性的影响,从泊松比测定与计算方法着手,采用金尼克假说,以巷道侧压系数为研究对象,运用ANSYS软件,建立典型矿山巷道锚喷支护后的数值模型,通过设置沿拱角径向的安全系数监测点,建立巷道安全稳定范围与泊松比的对应关系。研究表明,随着泊松比μ值的增加,巷道拱角处不稳定区域逐渐减小,并向顶底板延伸,巷道两帮的塑性破坏区无明显变化;泊松比μ值为0.20时,塑性破坏区面积较大,为巷道断面面积的5.10倍;泊松比μ值(x)与安全系数≥1的区域距离拱角径向位置(y)的关系式为:y=61.518x2-54.509x+12.516。研究为泊松比对巷道稳定性影响提供了一定的理论参考依据。     

街道峡谷对称性对污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了行列式和错列式街谷两侧建筑物的对称性对街谷内和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度的影响,并引入3个用于评价室内空气环境的指标来描述街谷中人员区域内的空气质量.结果表明,平均残留时间(ART)和有效通风率(PFR)可用于评价不对称街谷内的空气质量.街谷的不对称性对街谷内部和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度分布均有明显影响.下游建筑越低,则尾流区的浓度越高.行列式和错列式街谷中人员活动空间的无量纲平均浓度分别在建筑高度比例为7/3和7/2时最大.为在城市规划中尽可能避免出现最不利比例的街谷,根据平均残留时间和有效通风率等指标,给出了上下游建筑高度比与最不利街谷改善率的关系.