3-甲基-3-丁烯基-1-醇与硫酸/过氧化氢混合溶液的吸收反应研究

应用配置有湿式流动反应管的真空紫外激光单光子电离飞行时间质谱研究了3-甲基-3-丁烯基-1-醇气体在硫酸/过氧化氢混合溶液表面的吸收反应,实验中首次测得了反应的摄取系数,并根据气相产物信息推测了其反应机制.3-甲基-3-丁烯基-1-醇与硫酸/过氧化氢混合溶液的吸收反应速率很快,在ω（H2SO4）为40%～60%范围,摄取系数为2.52×10-4～1.05×10-2.在反应过程的气相收集物中检测出3种气相产物：乙醛、丙酮和3-甲基-3,4-环氧-1-丁醇,由此推测了3-甲基-3-丁烯基-1-醇与H2 SO4/H2 O2混合溶液的非均相反应机制.3-甲基-3,4-环氧-1-丁醇可以经过多步转化形成多羟基化合物,同时生成的醛酮化合物在酸性溶液中可进一步反应,这些对大气二次有机气溶胶的形成起着重要作用.因此,3-甲基-3-丁烯基-1-醇的非均相催化氧化过程可能对二次有机气溶胶的形成有重要贡献.     

Atrazine accumulation and toxic responses in maize Zea mays

Atrazine accumulation, oxidative stress, and defense response in maize seedlings exposed to extraneous atrazine were studied. Accumulation of atrazine in maize increased with increasing exposure concentration. The abscisic acid (ABA) content was positively correlated with the atrazine concentrations in maize roots and shoots (p < 0.05). Hydroxyl radical (·OH) in maize was determined in vivo with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its intensity was positively correlated with atrazine concentration in roots and shoots (p < 0.05), and higher level of ·OH generated in roots than in shoots corresponded to the major accumulation of atrazine in roots. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in roots were up-regulated by atrazine exposure at 1 mg/L compared to the control and malondialdehyde content in roots was enhanced when atrazine exposure concentration reached 10 mg/L. These results suggested the exposure and accumulation of atrazine caused oxidative toxicity and antioxidant response in maize.     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

渗透反应格栅去除地下水中铵的化学生物联合柱研究

通过柱实验对比研究了天然河沙、沈阳沸石、复合介质(释氧材料和沈阳沸石)作为渗透反应格栅填料修复地下水中铵污染的可行性。结果表明:柱实验运行120孔隙体积(PV)期间,在进水流速为1.8 m/d,铵浓度为6.6~10.3 mg/L的条件下,实验设计的复合介质填充柱对铵去除率达到99%以上。沸石在吸附去除铵的同时,又可作为微生物生长的载体,使铵进一步通过生物硝化作用被去除,实现沸石的生物再生。释氧材料的加入保证了硝化细菌繁殖所需要的溶解氧条件,水经过释氧层后溶解氧含量由2 mg/L增加到6 mg/L以上(最高达到22 mg/L左右)。实验中通过硝化作用去除的铵量占总去除量的74%左右,实现了沸石吸附联合微生物共同作用去除铵,有助于保证反应柱长期高效地去除地下水中铵污染。     

Fenton氧化技术处理印染废水的试验研究

采用Fenton试剂对含分散红E-4B和活性艳兰KN-R染料组成的模拟印染废水进行氧化处理,考察了H2O2和Fe2＋浓度、pH、反应时间等因素对去除效果的影响。在H2O2投加量为5.0ml/L,Fe-SO4.7H2O投量为1.1g/L,pH为3,反应25min后静置5min的条件下,初始COD为700mg/L,色度为1200倍的废水的COD去除率可达到95%,脱色率达97%。结果表明,Fenton试剂对该废水可以起到很好的处理效果。     

花生壳和核桃壳对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性

以花生壳和核桃壳为原料,制备了两种吸附剂。研究了它们对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性,并与活性炭进行对比。结果表明,这两种吸附剂在p H值为2时吸附效果最好,吸附率分别为84%和58.4%。这两种吸附剂适用于处理低浓度的KN-R废水,处理时间90 min为宜。     

磁性壳聚糖衍生物对阴离子染料的吸附行为

以自制的阳离子磁性壳聚糖季铵盐(CS/EPTAC/Fe3O4)为吸附剂,采用静态法研究了其对酸性红1、二甲酚橙的吸附行为.结果表明,在25℃,p H=3.0的条件下,两种酸性染料的吸附等温线由Langmiur方程拟合的吸附量分别为781.55 mg·g-1和537.40 mg·g-1;由Frendlich方程得到的n值分别为1.71和1.92,说明染料吸附为优惠吸附;Temkin方程说明吸附剂的非均匀表面为主要吸附位.两种染料的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,说明吸附过程以化学吸附为主.与粉末活性炭相比,CS/EPTAC/Fe3O4体现出吸附性能优良,快速分离和容易再生的优点.     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

氧化石墨烯电催化高效降解有机染料RBk5

电化学高级氧化技术是处理有机染料废水的有效技术方法之一，但其应用受传统贵金属电极成本高、易毒化失活等缺陷的限制.本研究采用廉价易得的石墨粉材料，制备氧化石墨烯（GO）催化剂，用于活性黑5（RBk5）染料废水的电催化氧化降解研究.利用透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱分析材料的结构特性及电化学性能.结果显示，氧化石墨烯具有较高的电子迁移速率，良好的亲水性和电催化活性.不同的RBk5浓度、外加电流、电解质、初始pH值等条件对RBk5的降解效率也有一定程度的影响.其中，电解质因素对材料性能影响最为显著.在RBk5浓度为10mg/L、外加电流为20mA、反应时间为35min、电解质为NaCl的条件下，电催化降解效率可以达到100%.