Development of activated carbon from Nerium oleander flower and their rapid adsorption of direct and reactive dyes

The present study investigates the thermally activated carbon derived from Nerium oleander flower which was used an adsorbent. Physicochemical properties of Nerium oleander flower carbon (NOFC) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared for the removal of DTB (Direct Turquoise Blue) and RR-HE7B (Reactive red–HE7B) dyes from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were carried out with different pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentration dye solution. Optimum conditions for maximum removal of DTB and RR-HE7B was achieved to be pH 2 for both dyes, adsorbent dose of 100 mg and equilibrium time of 35 and 60 min, respectively, for NOFC. The maximum adsorption capacity of NOFC was found to be 33.33 and 19.60 mg g^?1, respectively, for the removal of dye solution. The mechanism of adsorption was studied by using different kinetic models and isotherms. The results clearly showed that the NOFC adsorption was fitted to pseudo–first-order for DTB and pseudo–second-order for RR-HE7B. Equilibrium data were well fitted with both isotherm models. According to the results, NOFC can effectively remove DTB and RR-HE7B from aqueous solutions.     

污染地下水零价铁原位反应带修复技术:理论·应用·展望

ZVI-IRZ(零价铁原位反应带)是一种新兴的地下水原位修复技术,具有工程造价低、施工简单、环境扰动小、修复效果好等优势, 而ZVI(零价铁)自身理化性质、场地的水文地球化学特征以及场地的污染状况等是影响修复效果的主要因素. 当前的研究内容主要包括IRZ(原位反应带)中ZVI的反应活性、稳定性、迁移性、生物毒性以及注入方式等方面. 在修复工程中存在的问题主要体现在:①ZVIs(细粒径零价铁)在含水介质中的迁移性较差,并且多采用Fe2+、pH等间接指标考察含水层中ZVIs的分布情况;②ZVIs表面钝化而诱发介质反应活性下降;③ZVIs的潜在生物环境效应尚不明确. 因此,需要加强对ZVIs表面改性手段、作用机制、老化特性、使用寿命、解钝化及钝化抑制技术等方面的理论与应用研究,还应关注ZVIs在环境中的归趋、转化机制和暴露路径,建立生态系统尺度上的评估体系; 同时,在实际应用中,需要在系统评估污染场地水文地质条件的基础上,加强对注入含水层中ZVIs及其反应产物的原位监测技术研发和监测体系完善.      

铁/镍/炭三元内电解法降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

在传统铁炭二元内电解的基础上,研究了不同条件下投加第三种接触材料镍构成的铁/镍/炭三元内电解体系对活性艳红X-3B染料废水的处理速率和降解效果的影响。实验表明,在ZVI、镍粉和活性炭的质量比为1∶1∶1,X-3B染料废水初始浓度50 mg/L,初始p H值为4,温度20℃的恒温搅拌条件下,三元内电解体系对废水的降解效果要优于二元内电解体系。     

UV降解水溶液中吲哚美辛的动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究水环境中吲哚美辛(IDM)的紫外光降解机制.实验结果表明,IDM的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随自身浓度的增大而减小,当IDM浓度由1 mg·L~(-1)增至12 mg·L~(-1)时,其速率常数由0.0148 min~(-1)减至0.00412 min~(-1).通过模型研究IDM的紫外光解机制时发现,其降解包括直接光解和自敏化光解,直接光解常数为0.0151 min~(-1).研究环境因子对IDM光解的影响时发现,碱性环境有利于IDM的降解,而溶解氧抑制IDM的光解,腐殖酸通过光掩蔽和自由基猝灭两个作用抑制IDM的光解,硝酸根通过接受光量子产生·OH促进IDM的降解,并通过竞争反应实验测得·OH稳态浓度为2.10×10~(-1)4mol·L~(-1),IDM与·OH的二级反应速率常数为9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).     

河蚬扰动沉积物界面效应及其在水中代谢速率

采用室内培养实验,研究了河蚬扰动对沉积物耗氧速率与营养盐通量的影响及河蚬在水中的呼吸与排泄速率.结果表明,河蚬增大了沉积物耗氧速率与溶解活性磷(SRP)、NH4+、NO3-向上覆水释放通量.河蚬在沉积物-水系统中产生NO3-速率与其在水中产生NO3-速率不存在显著差异.而河蚬在水中呼吸速率是其在沉积物-水中所产生净耗氧速率的4.3倍,河蚬在水中排泄SRP、NH4+速率分别为其在沉积物-水中所产生净SRP、NH4+释放速率的7.3倍与20倍.这些显著差异可能是由于河蚬在水中与沉积物中的活动形态不同.     

海洋卡盾藻日本株过氧化氢产生的影响因素

对海洋卡盾藻日本株(Chattonella marina Japan,CMJP)在不同盐度、营养盐条件及不同生长期的过氧化氢产生特点进行了研究.结果表明:H2O2浓度峰值出现在CMJP对数生长期(4~8d),以第6d达到最大,为0.97×10-4nmol/cell.在N:P为8:1和16:1的情况下,CMJP生长较快,藻细胞在对数生长末期之前一直保持较高密度.CMJP产生的H2O2量与藻类生长呈现出一定的相反趋势,在藻细胞适宜生长的N:P下,产生的H2O2浓度较小.在N:P为16:1时单个藻细胞的H2O2量最低(0.40×10-4nmol/cell),仅是N:P为32:1时(1.17 ×10-4nmol/cell)的1/3,N:P为8:1时,单个藻细胞的H2O2浓度为0.63 ×10-4nmol/cell. CMJP在盐度为20,25psu时生长较好且藻细胞达到较高密度,在盐度为10,15,30psu时藻密度较低,表明低盐和高盐条件均不利于CMJP的生长.盐度对CMJP过氧化氢的产量有一定的影响,在高盐度下单个藻细胞的H2O2产量增加,盐度为30psu时,H202浓度最高(1.1×10-4nmol/cell).     

Effect of viscosity, basicity and organic content of composite flocculant on the decolorization performance and mechanism for reactive dyeing wastewater

A coagulation/flocculation process using the composite flocculant polyaluminum chloride-epichlorohydrin dimethylamine (PAC-EPI-DMA) was employed for the treatment of an anionic azo dye (Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP dye). The effect of viscosity (ηup), basicity (B = [OH]/[Al]) and organic content (W_P) on the flocculation performance as well as the mechanism of PAC-EPI-DMA flocculant were investigated. The ηup was the key factor affecting the dye removal efficiency of PAC-EPI-DMA. PAC-EPI-DMA with an intermediate ηup (2400 mPa.sec) gave higher decolorization efficiency by adsorption bridging and charge neutralization due to the co-effect of PAC and EPI-DMA polymers. The W_P of the composite flocculant was a minor important factor for the flocculation. The adsorption bridging of PAC-EPI-DMA with ηup of 300 or 4300 mPa.sec played an important role with the increase of W_P, whereas the charge neutralization of them was weaker with the increase of W_P. There was interaction between W_P and B on the removal of reactive dye. The composite flocculant with intermediate viscosity and organic content was effective for the treatment of reactive dyeing wastewater, which could achieve high reactive dye removal efficiency with low organic dosage.     

煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO)对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附研究

以不同Mg/Al比(物质的量比)的合成阴离子粘土为原料,在500℃条件下煅烧制备了煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO),研究其对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、XRF、BET等对LDO进行表征,通过研究解吸行为验证其吸附机理.实验表明,Mg/Al比为4∶1的LDO的吸附效果比2∶1的LDO好,Mg/Al比为...     

臭氧高级氧化技术预处理染料废水的试验研究

研究单独臭氧氧化和过氧化氢/臭氧联合作用对去除难降解染料废水CODcr、色度,提高可生化性的效果,并考察不同pH值、不同初始污染物浓度、H2O2投加量等对染料废水活性艳红X-3B处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：臭氧氧化对CODcr去除率达到50.00%,对色度的去除率接近100%,B/C由原水的0.0 507上升到0.2 768;废水在pH值为11时处理效果最好;而过氧化氢/臭氧联合作用的最佳摩尔比为0.6。     

释氧渗透反应格栅填料的改进研究

释氧材料的性能是释氧格栅能否经济有效地应用到地下水原位修复中的关键因素。作者在前人研究的基础上,通过在一般的释氧材料中加入膨润土而使释氧材料的性能得到明显的改善。这种释氧材料释氧速率平缓,释氧时间长,总释氧量大,是一种能有效应用到释氧格栅中的改进释氧材料。实验数据表明,在天然地下水的作用下,该材料持续释氧约1a后,水中的溶解氧还能保持在15mg/L左右;把本材料引入地下水中不会显著改变地下水环境的pH值,天然含水层介质能把pH值缓冲到一个中性的环境。