地下水原位治理的渗透性反应墙技术

渗透性反应墙是地下水污染原位治理领域中的一类新型高效技术,其机理是借助充填于墙内的、针对不同污染物质的不同反应材料与污染物质进行化学反应与生物降解,达到污染物去除的目的。本文系统介绍了地下水原位治理渗透性反应墙技术的结构组成、类型、工作机理,对其安装过程进行了综合论述,对其存在的问题进行了分析,对其应用发展前景进行了展望,为该技术在国内的实际应用和推广提供一定的参考依据。     

Degradation of Reactive Yellow 86 with photo-Fenton process driven by solar light

The decolorization of Reactive Yellow 86(RY 86),one of reactive azo dyes,was investigated in the presence of Fenton reagent under solar light irradiation.The decolorization rate was strongly influenced by pH,initial concentrations of H 2 O 2 and Fe(II),and so on.An initial concentration of 40 mg/L was decolored more than 90% after 20 min under optimum conditions.The activation energy of the solar photo-Fenton reaction was 1.50 kJ/mol for RY 86 in the temperature range of 10-60°C.In the kinetic study,the rate constant of RY 86 with OH· radicals could be estimated to be 1.7 × 10 10 L/(mol·sec).The decolorization efficiency of RY 86 under solar light irradiation was comparable to the artificial light irradiation.The decrease of TOC as a result of mineralization of RY 86 was observed during photo-Fenton process.The rate of RY 86 mineralization was about 83% under UV irradiation after 24 hr.The formation of chloride,sulfate,nitrate and ammonium ions as end-products was observed during the photocatalytic process.The decomposition of RY 86 gave two kinds of intermediate products.The degradation mechanism of RY 86 was proposed on the base of the identified intermediates.     

恒电流下电生成活性氯降解活性艳红K-2BP

以Pt片作工作电极和辅助电极,NaCl为支持电解质,研究了活性艳红K-2BP的电化学脱色降解行为。通过循环伏安法与整体电解获得其电化学反应特性,经调控溶液的性质考察了不同体系对其降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,在pH为6、NaCl浓度为0.2mol/L、电流密度为60mA/cm2和室温条件下,30mg/L的活性艳红K-2BP经电化学降解1h,脱色率可达94.4%。pH对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色率影响较大,初始pH越小,脱色率越高。     

CDs-BOC复合催化剂可见光下活化过硫酸盐降解典型PPCPs

本研究通过简便的水热和煅烧两步法合成了一种新型光催化剂,该方法用碳量子点（CDs）修饰BiOCl纳米片.制备的纳米复合材料（CDs-BOC）通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱（DRS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和稳态荧光光谱（PL）等手段进行了表征.结果表明,此材料成功地引入了CDs.7% CDs-BOC纳米复合材料的光吸收边界被增强至可见光区域（424 nm）,并提高了光致电子-空穴对的分离效率.为了提高有机污染物降解的效果,过硫酸盐（PS）被引入了CDs-BOC光催化体系中.由于复合纳米催化剂具有出色的光催化能力,光生电子可以有效活化PS,产生更多的活性氧化物质.在可见光（λ>420 nm）照射下,20 min内可以完全去除5 mg·L^-1对-乙酰氨基酚（AAP）.通过自由基淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振波谱（EPR）,探明了此体系具有多种活性氧化物质：·OH、·SO₄^-、·O₂^-和h⁺,并提出了降解反应机制.以上结果体现出CDs-BOC/PS体系在光催化处理水污染方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

氧化胁迫参与硫酸锌诱导的酵母细胞死亡

以模式生物酵母为材料,研究了不同浓度硫酸锌对酵母细胞的致死效应,以及活性氧(ROS)在硫酸锌诱导酵母凋亡中的作用.结果显示,低浓度处理组中,酵母细胞的相对生长率、超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力升高,超氧化物歧化酶相关基因SOD1和SOD2表达增强,而细胞存活率和MDA含量无明显变化.高浓度(3和5 mmol·L~(-1))处理组中,野生株酵母超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力明显下降,SOD1和SOD2基因表达受到明显抑制,胞内ROS水平和MDA含量升高,细胞死亡率显著上升;在相同锌处理组中,突变体ΔSOD1对硫酸锌的耐受性明显差于野生株BY4741,ΔSOD1胞内ROS水平和细胞凋亡率显著高于野生株,而ΔSOD2与野生株间无显著差异.结果表明,低浓度硫酸锌可促进酵母细胞生长,可能诱导了酵母细胞生长的Hormesis效应;高浓度硫酸锌可引起酵母细胞氧化损伤,而锌胁迫诱导的胞内ROS水平升高是酵母细胞死亡的一个诱因.该研究结果可为锌化物的毒性作用及其健康风险评估提供理论依据.     

ORC-GAC-Fe0 system for the remediation of trichloroethylene and monochlorobenzene contaminated aquifer: 1. Adsorption and degradation

Activities at a former Chemistry Triangle in Bitterfeld, Germany, resulted in contamination of groundwater with a mixture of tdchloroethylene(TCE) and monochlorobenzene(MCB). The objective of this study was to develop a barrier system,which includes an ORC(oxygen release compounds) and GAC(granular activated carbon) layer for adsorption of MCB and bioregeneration of GAC, a Fe^0 layer for chemical reductive dechlorination of TCE and other chlorinated hydrocarbon in situ. A laboratory-scale column experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this proposed system. This experiment was performed using a series of continuous flow Teflon columns including an ORC column, a GAC column, and a Fe^0 column. Simulated MCB and TCE contaminated groundwater was pumped upflow into this system at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. Results showed that 17%-50% of TCE and 28%-50% of MCB were dissipated in ORC column. Chloride ion, however, was not released, which suggest the dechlorination do not happen in ORC column. In GAC column, the adsorption of contaminants on activated carbon and their induced degradation by adapted microorganisms attached to the carbon surface were observed. Due to competitive exchange processes, TCE can be desorbed by MCB in GAC column and further degraded in iron column. The completely dechlorination rate of TCE was 0.16-0.18 cm^-1, 1-4 magnitudes more than the formation rate of three dichloroethene isomers. Cis-DCE is the main chlorinated product, which can be cumulated in the system, not only depending on the formation rate and its decaying rate, but also the initial concentration of TCE.     

过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响

考察过渡金属离子对TiO₂光催化活性的影响,并对过渡金属离子对催化剂TiO₂的光催化调变作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,加入Cu(Ⅱ)可以大大提高TiO₂的光催化活性,反应75 min,可使活性艳蓝X-BR的COD_Cr的去除率达75%以上,对于活性艳红X-3B和活性艳黄X-6G的COD_Cr的去除率达到90%以上。过渡金属离子的调变作用是由于低价的金属离子与H₂O₂作用生成*OH自由基所致。      

Reactive Blending of Biodegradable Polymers: PLA and Starch

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and starch are important biodegradable polymers. Mechanical properties of blends of PLA and starch using conventional processes were very poor because of incompatibility. In this study, PLA and starch were blended with a reactive agent during the extrusion process. The affects of the reactive blending were investigated and significant improvements were confirmed by measuring the tensile strength and elongation at break, IR spectra, and DSC.     

堆肥 + 零价铁可渗透反应墙修复黄土高原地下水中铬铅复合污染简

为了研究堆肥+零价铁混合可渗透反应墙（PRB）修复黄土高原地下水中铬铅复合污染的可行性,分别用堆肥、零价铁、堆肥+ 零价铁、堆肥+ 零价铁+活性炭为反应介质,通过模拟柱实验考察PRB修复铬铅复合污染黄土高原地下水的效果。结果表明,在实验进行30 d后当反应柱1和2对六价铬的去除率接近于零,而且对二价铅的去除率迅速下降时,反应柱3对2种污染物仍保持较高的去除率;反应介质质量比为10：2：1的反应柱4和质量比为10：1：2的反应柱5对污染物的去除效果均优于质量比为10：1：1的反应柱3;反应50 d后,添加活性炭的反应柱6对2种污染物的去除率仍在90%。这说明使用堆肥+零价铁混合可渗透反应墙修复黄土高原地下水中铬铅复合污染是可行的;且以堆肥+零价铁作为介质的反应柱去除效果优于单独以堆肥或铁粉为介质的反应柱;增加铁粉或堆肥的用量有利于铬铅复合污染的去除;且同时添加活性炭更有助于污染物的去除。     

基于Ti/SnO_2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti/SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水,研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响;在最佳组合条件下,通过分析UV-Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式,研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明,在pH为3,电压20 V,NaCl投加量为2.5 g/L的条件下,电解30 min后,直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80%和95%,60 min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75%,活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90%;电解60 min后,直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏,萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解,活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2 min,其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏,随反应的进行,蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏,染料逐步降解。