Investigation of potential interferences on the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate using zirconium oxide-based DGT technique

A diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique based on hydrous zirconium oxide (Zr-oxide) has been recently developed for the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP). In this study, the detailed performance of the DGT technique is reported. Spiking experiments revealed that several orthophosphate monoester compounds contributed to the Zr-oxide DGT measurements of DRP. However, such a phenomenon is unlikely to occur during field conditions due to the low concentration of organic P in typical natural waters. The presence of Cl- (up to 106 g/L), SO42- (up to 16 g/L), HCO3- (up to 817 g/L), and AsO2- and AsO 3 4 (both up to 1 mg As/L) in solutions had negligible effects on the measurement of DRP. The threshold concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have been increased from previous reports for the measurements of DRP using other adsorbent-based DGT techniques. The capacity for DGT measurements of DRP decreased with increasing solution pH (4.2-9.2). The lowest capacity (95 μg P/m2 at pH 9.2) was still greater than that of other DGT techniques that are usually used for the measurement of DRP (2-12 μg P/cm2 ). The Zr-oxide binding gel could be stored for up to 2 years without any aging effect. This period of validity was considerably longer than the ferrihydrite binding gel that is commonly used in present DGT devices (6 months). The field application revealed that the concentrations of DRP measured in three fresh water samples using the Zr-oxide DGT technique were in agreement with those of the traditional colorimetric method.     

pH值对白腐真菌液体培养基抑制杂菌效果的影响研究

应用摇瓶试验研究了不同初始pH值对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium液体培养基在非灭菌环境抑制杂菌效果的影响.结果表明,当采用Phanerochaete chrysosporium孢子作为种子在非灭菌环境进行培养时,初始pH值为3.6和4.4的液体培养基在培养第1d仅感染酵母菌,而初始pH值为5.6的液体培养基不仅感染了酵母菌而且还感染了细菌;正是由于非灭菌环境培养体系感染杂菌,使得后续Phanerochaete chrysosporium对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色能力大大降低甚至丧失;而采用灭菌环境培养Phanerochaete chrysosporium,非灭菌环境脱色活性艳红K-2BP的方法却获得了较好的脱色效果,3种初始pH值的氮限制液体培养基培养出的Phanerochaete chrysosporium对活性艳红K-2BP 45h的脱色率均在70%以上,接近或超过灭菌环境的结果,其中初始pH值为4.4的液体培养基培养的Phanerochaete chrysosporium在非灭菌环境对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色效果最好,其24h的脱色率达到80%以上.尽管3种pH液体培养基在脱色过程中也同样感染了杂菌,但与非灭菌环境培养体系相比含量很少,没有影响脱色效果.因此,可以得出低pH值(pH=3.6,pH=4.4)氮限制培养基虽然在一定程度上可以抑制细菌,但是却不能抑制酵母菌;当在非灭菌环境使用Phanerochaete chrysosporium脱色活性染料时,Phanerochaete chrysosporium只有在灭菌环境培养至菌丝体形成并在整个系统占优势,才能获得较高的脱色效果.     

啤酒糟对活性染料的吸附特性研究

通过批式实验考察了不同条件对啤酒糟吸附活性黑31和活性蓝49的影响。结果表明：在较宽的溶液初始pH值范围内（2～9）,啤酒糟投加量为10g/L时,4h内啤酒糟能有效地对100mg／L活性黑31和300mg／L活性蓝49溶液吸附脱色。啤酒糟对活性黑31和活性蓝49的吸附率都随NaCl浓度的增加而降低。吸附率随时间的增加逐渐增大,8h内吸附基本达到平衡。染料初始浓度越高,吸附率越低。由该批式实验得到的最佳吸附脱色条件为：pH2．0,啤酒糟投加量15g／L,吸附时间8h。     

Decolorization and Complete Degradation of Methyl Red by a Mixed Culture

Synthetic dyes, azo dyes in particular, are widely found in the effluents from textile industries. The persistence and toxicity of these compounds cause adverse impacts in the receiving streams. A mixed culture isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment plant was found to remove the colour of the azo dye, methyl red, efficiently. Total decolorization and degradation occurred within 18 h. The mixed culture could degrade 700 mgl^–1 of methyl red efficiently in the presence of 200 mgl^–1 of glucose, whereas in the absence of glucose it could degrade only 100 mgl^–1 of methyl red. The mixed culture, when suspended in phosphate buffer along with methyl red at 100 mgl^–1 concentration could degrade methyl red efficiently within 2 h of incubation. The pH of the medium decreased continuously during degradation. After the complete removal of initial methyl red, another 100 mgl^–1 was added to the culture filtrate and incubated further. The mixed microbial cultures could degrade methyl red efficiently through three cycles but further degradation was not possible as the pH of the medium decreased to 3.5.     

土壤脲酶和脱氢酶对活性X-3B红污染暴露的耐受性及机理研究

采用微宇宙实验方法,研究了棕壤、褐土、红壤等3种我国典型土壤中脲酶和脱氢酶对染料活性X-3B红污染的耐受性及其机理.实验结果表明,3种土壤中的脲酶和脱氢酶活性在试验较低浓度的活性X-3B红污染的环境中均被促进,但被促进的程度有所差异,具体表现为棕壤脲酶活性被促进的效果最为明显,其次红壤,褐土最弱;较低浓度的活性X-3B红污染对褐土脱氢酶活性的促进作用最强,其次红壤,棕壤最弱.3种土壤的脲酶和脱氢酶活性被促进的效果随着时间的推移逐渐减弱.3种土壤的脲酶和脱氢酶活性对高浓度的活性X-3B红污染并没有显示受抑制的趋势.相反,二者基本维持在未受染料活性X-3B红污染的对照土壤的活性水平.因此可以初步认为,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶对染料活性X-3B红的污染暴露毒性有耐受作用.基于实验结果,还就2种酶对活性X-3B红污染暴露的耐受机理进行了分析与探讨.     

卵圆卡盾藻香港株过氧化氢产生的影响因素研究

研究了卵圆卡盾藻香港株(Chattonella ovata,Hong Kong strain,COHK)在不同生长期、盐度和营养盐条件下的生长及过氧化氢(H2O2)的产生特点.结果表明,过氧化氢浓度峰值出现在COHK对数生长期(4～8 d),以第6 d达到最大,为2.91×10-4nmol.cell-1.在N∶P为16∶1、32∶1和64∶1的情况下,COHK生长较快,以32∶1时生长速率最快(0.58 div.d-1).COHK产生H2O2的量与藻类生长呈相反趋势,在N∶P为4∶1和8∶1的情况下,藻细胞生长率较低,但单位藻细胞H2O2浓度较高.单位藻细胞H2O2浓度在N∶P为4∶1时最大,达到1.26×10-4nmol.cell-1.COHK在盐度为20和25时生长率较高,在盐度为10、15和30时生长率较低,表明低盐和高盐条件均不利于COHK的生长.低盐度和高盐度均有利于COHK过氧化氢的产生,在盐度为10时,单位藻细胞的H2O2量最高,达到2.2×10-4nmol.cell-1;但盐度在15～25范围内,单位藻细胞H2O2量相差不大(0.7×10-4～0.9×10-4nmol.cell-1).Fe3+可显著影响COHK的生长,Fe3+浓度范围为0.2×10-8～1×10-8mol.L-1时,COHK生长率较高.缺铁条件下(Fe3+浓度为0),COHK生长率最低(0.1 div.d-1),而Fe3+浓度较高时(5×10-8mol.L-1),藻细胞生长率也有所降低.缺铁以及高铁条件下,卵圆卡盾藻的H2O2产量增加,H2O2浓度分别为0.97×10-4和0.95×10-4nmol.cell-1.     

Si-FeOOH非均相Fenton降解活性艳红MX-5B的效能研究

用碱沉淀法制备的Si-FeOOH作非均相催化剂,研究其催化H2O2降饵活性艳红MX-5B的效能,考察了温度、过氧化氧浓度、催化剂投量、活性艳红浓度对活性艳红脱色率的影响,并从溶铁量及与FeOOH对比等方面反应催化剂的性能.结果表明:在活性艳红初始浓度为10mg·L-1,温度为60℃,pH=3,Si-FeOOH投量为0....     

络合剂对燃煤及木材飞灰生物氧化能力的影响

利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物,包括５种燃煤飞灰及一种燃木飞灰,生物氧化能力以及外加螯合剂的影响。结果证实,不同来源飞灰颗粒物氧化剂产生能力不同,且燃煤飞灰产生方式不同,催化氧化剂产生能力亦不同。     

酵母Candida krusei对合成染料的脱色

通过筛选实验,从土壤中新分离到1株对活性艳红K-2BP具有明显脱色效果的酵母菌株Y-G-I,经鉴定为克鲁斯假丝酵母Candida krusei．该菌株对含活性艳红K-2BP起始浓度为200mg／L的培养基,最大脱色率为99％,达到最大脱色率的时间是12h．克鲁斯假丝酵母的最佳接种量应不低于5％（体积分数）,培养基最适pH在4～9之间,氮源（NH4）2S04浓度不低于0．1％,相对应的碳源葡萄糖浓度不低于0．5％．对脱色机理的研究表明,该菌株对活性艳红K-2BP的去除属于降解脱色．此外,该菌株对另外9种染料（50mg／L）的脱色率在62％～96％之间．其中,对偶氮染料弱酸艳红B、活性黑KN-B和活性红M-3BE的脱色率都达到了90％以上,对三苯甲烷染料（酸性媒介漂蓝B）的脱色率达到了93％．表明克鲁斯假丝酵母在染料废水的处理上可能具有较好地应用潜能．     

饮用水中的磷及其在常规处理工艺中的去除

对某市某水厂水源水和出厂水中磷的存在形式、常规处理工艺对总磷 (TP)和微生物可利用磷 (MAP)的去除进行了研究 .结果表明 :①水源水中的磷主要以非溶解性形式存在 ,溶解性总磷酸盐约占总磷 30 % ;溶解性正磷酸盐只在个别月份检出 ,且浓度很低 ;②水源水中微生物可利用磷浓度一般高于溶解性总磷酸盐浓度 ,说明微生物也可以利用非溶解性磷 ;③出厂水中溶解性总磷酸盐占总磷的比例较水源水中溶解性总磷酸盐占总磷的比例升高 ,说明其去除较非溶解性的磷困难 ;④常规处理工艺对总磷和微生物可利用磷去除效果较好 ,平均去除率分别为 6 6 %和 6 9% ,混凝沉淀单元和过滤单元对总磷去除效果均较好 .强化混凝工艺 ,降低出厂水中的MAP ,有可能保证饮用水生物稳定性