粉料无尘装车技术及其在电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统中的应用

传统电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统存在工艺繁杂、能耗大、输送速度慢、系统难于维护及二次扬尘问题,电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统采用粉料无尘装车技术可有效简化工艺、提高生产速度和系统运行、维护可靠性,很大程度减少能耗并彻底根除二次扬尘。     

Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme

The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand for the Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway system near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, mandated a 60-percent reduction in point-source loading. For waters with a naturally low background dissolved-oxygen concentrations, South Carolina anti-degradation rules in the water-quality regulations allows a permitted discharger a reduction of dissolved oxygen of 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is known as the 0.1 rule. Permitted dischargers within this region of the State operate under the 0.1 rule and cannot cause a cumulative impact greater than 0.1 mg/L on dissolved-oxygen concentrations. For municipal water-reclamation facilities to serve the rapidly growing resort and retirement community near Myrtle Beach, a variable loading scheme was developed to allow dischargers to utilize increased assimilative capacity during higher streamflow conditions while still meeting the requirements of a recently established TMDL.As part of the TMDL development, an extensive real-time data-collection network was established in the lower Waccamaw and Pee Dee River watershed where continuous measurements of streamflow, water level, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance are collected. In addition, the dynamic BRANCH/BLTM models were calibrated and validated to simulate the water quality and tidal dynamics of the system. The assimilative capacities for various streamflows were also analyzed.The variable-loading scheme established total loadings for three streamflow levels. Model simulations show the results from the additional loading to be less than a 0.1mg/L reduction in dissolved oxygen. As part of the loading scheme, the real-time network was redesigned to monitor streamflow entering the study area and water-quality conditions in the location of dissolved-oxygen sags. The study reveals how one group of permit holders used a variable-loading scheme to implement restrictive permit limits without experiencing prohibitive capital expenditures or initiating a lengthy appeals process.     

Removal of veterinary antibiotics from anaerobically digested swine wastewater using an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor

A lab-scale intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor(IASBR)was applied to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater(ADSW)to explore the removal characteristics of veterinary antibiotics.The removal rates of 11 veterinary antibiotics in the reactor were investigated under different chemical organic demand(COD)volumetric loadings,solid retention times(SRT)and ratios of COD to total nitrogen(TN)or COD/TN.Both sludge sorption and biodegradation were found to be the major contributors to the removal of veterinary antibiotics.Mass balance analysis revealed that greater than 60%of antibiotics in the influent were biodegraded in the IASBR,whereas averagely 24%were adsorbed by sludge under the condition that sludge sorption gradually reached its equilibrium.Results showed that the removal of antibiotics was greatly influenced by chemical oxygen demand(COD)volumetric loadings,which could achieve up to 85.1%±1.4%at 0.17±0.041 kg COD/m-3/day,while dropped to 75.9%±1.3%and 49.3%±12.1%when COD volumetric loading increased to 0.65±0.032 and1.07±0.073 kg COD/m-3/day,respectively.Tetracyclines,the dominant antibiotics in ADSW,were removed by 87.9%in total at the lowest COD loading,of which 30.4%were contributed by sludge sorption and 57.5%by biodegradation,respectively.In contrast,sulfonamides were removed about 96.2%,almost by biodegradation.Long SRT seemed to have little obvious impact on antibiotics removal,while a shorter SRT of 30–40 day could reduce the accumulated amount of antibiotics and the balanced antibiotics sorption capacity of sludge.Influent COD/TN ratio was found not a key impact factor for veterinary antibiotics removal in this work.     

中国农田畜禽粪尿氮负荷量及其还田潜力

为准确掌握中国各省区畜禽粪尿及氮负荷量,以及还田利用潜力,本研究基于统计数据和已有资料,利用猪粪当量(N)估算了1978年以来中国畜禽粪尿量的变化规律,以及各类畜禽粪尿的构成比例,分析和评价了2016各省份畜禽粪尿、纯氮负荷量的空间分布和污染风险,并估算了各省份畜禽粪尿的还田潜力.结果表明,中国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量总体上呈"快速增加(1978~2005年)-保持稳定(2006~2016年)"的变化态势,到2016年,分别达到366 822.01×10~4t和2 024.10×10~4t,均增长了105.78%,94.03%~98.34%的粪尿量来源于家禽、羊、猪和牛.畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量最大的区域是华北地区,其中河南省为最,分别占全国的22.25%和8.81%.其次是四川,占8.14%.按耕地、作物播种面积和农用地面积分别计算单位面积上的畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量,并进行r值分级和环境风险评价.如果承载场所为耕地,负荷量较大的是西南和东南地区,污染风险较严重的是华北地区,为Ⅳ级;若按农作物种植面积,西北和西南地区负荷量较大,西北和华北地区为Ⅲ级有污染风险;若按农用地计算,华北和东南地区负荷量较大,华北地区Ⅲ级有污染风险,湖南负荷量最大,北京、山东和河南为Ⅳ级较严重污染风险.全国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分还田量分别为113 480.75×10~4t和626.15×10~4t,按单位农用地面积分别相当于3.07 t·hm~(-2)和16.92 kg·hm~(-2),华北地区最大,为8.27t·hm~(-2)和45.62 kg·hm~(-2).若按50%的粪尿N养分环境容量(85 kg·hm~(-2))计算,全国可增加粪尿N养分还田量为2 520.21×10~4t,粮食主产区黑龙江还田潜力最大,其次是四川.     

qPCR揭示丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律

为探讨有机负荷率（OLR）对升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器运行效能的影响及互营丙酸降解菌群的响应,以稀释的制糖废水为底物,考察了OLR升高对UASB处理效能的影响,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律.结果表明,在OLR为6.0~54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）的范围内,UASB处理制糖废水取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率为92.0%以上.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有3种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii,P.propionicum和Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens）存在于UASB反应器中.其中,S.sulfatireducens是主要的丙酸氧化菌,其数量为126~1.2×10³ 16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的47.9%~58.6%.OLR从6.0提高至54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）导致所有丙酸氧化菌数量显著减少.Methanospirillum hungatei和Methanosaeta concilii是该UASB系统中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌.与丙酸氧化菌的变化趋势相反,这两种产甲烷菌的数量均随OLR的提高而显著增加,并在OLR54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）条件下达到最大值.     

多级土壤渗漏系统处理农村生活污水

构建了多级土壤渗漏系统（MSL）以处理农村生活污水,主要研究了MSL的挂膜启动特征,进水水力负荷对MSL处理生活污水性能的影响,以及MSL运行过程中生物膜的特征.实验结果表明,采用连续进水的方式挂膜28d后,挂膜成功,MSL对生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的去除率分别达到84.5%,74.7%,66.7%,76.4%.MSL运行过程中,表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为400L/（m²·d）时,生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的平均去除率分别达到93.4%,94.9%,80.4%,94.7%,系统出水水质能够满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级A标准.MSL对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD,氨氮,TN的去除贡献率最大,Fe³⁺与PO₄^3-的化学沉淀作用则是TP去除的主要途径.实时荧光定量PCR技术检测结果显示,生物膜中硝化功能菌占总菌群的35.5%.     

Volatilization and Biodegradation of VOCs in Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

Volatilization and biodegradation are major competitive volatile organic compound (VOC) removal mechanisms in biological wastewater treatment process, which depend on compound specific properties and system design/operational parameters. In this study, a mathematical model was used to determine major removal pathways at various organic loading rates (OLR), solids residence time (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a biological process for vinyl acetate. Model results showed that biological treatment process should be designed with long SRT, high OLR and low DO concentrations to maximize biodegradation and minimize volatilization of VOCs. Unless a VOC is toxic to microorganisms under the given conditions, low VOC emission rates are an inherent advantage of MBRs, which operate at higher OLR and longer SRT compared to conventional activated sludge process. A lab scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at varying OLR to investigate the relative volatilization and biodegradation rates for acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and vinyl acetate. Synthetic wastewater containing three VOCs was introduced to the MBR. The DO concentration and SRT was maintained at 2.0 mg L^{− 1} and 100 days, respectively. The overall VOC removal rate was more than 99.7% for three VOCs at all the OLR. For vinyl acetate, the biodegradation rate increased from 93.87 to 99.40% and the volatilization removal rate decreased from 6.09 to 0.59% as OLR was increased from 1.1 to 2.0 kg COD m^{− 3} d^{− 1}. It was confirmed that a MBR can be a promising solution to reduce VOC emissions from wastewater.     

解析研究内部爆炸驱动金属圆筒的运动

从柱壳运动的控制方程出发，应用壳壁发生贯穿破裂的Taylor判据，给出了内部爆炸加载下金属圆筒壳壁的运动轨迹、平均破裂时间、破裂应变、半径及破片初速度的解析表达式。结果表明：计算结果与相关文献中的实验结果基本符合。     

LEAF LITTER BREAKDOWN IN A RECENTLY IMPOUNDED RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: The impoundment of Richard B. Russell Lake resulted in the inundation of 3490 ha of forested area or 33 percent of the total area of the lake. Estimates of the total inundated leaf litter biomass were combined with a leaf litter decomposition study to determine the nutrient load and dissolved oxygen demand to the reservoir. Hickory leaf bags broke down most rapidly at the 3-m and 28-rn depths, followed by short-needle pine, white oak, a hardwood litter mixture, beech, and red oak. Leaf bags incubated at the 3-m depth exhibited significantly higher breakdown rates than those at the 28-m depth for most leaf types, due to differences in dissolved oxygen and temperature. Respiration rates of litter were also higher at the 3-m depth. Most leaf types accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus and lost organic carbon after an initial leaching period. Richard B. Russell Lake exhibited extensive anoxia and the buildup of total organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus during summer stratification. Leaf litter breakdown accounted for 64 percent of the organic carbon increase but acted as a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus. The dissolved oxygen demand of the litter accounted for over 50 percent of the demand incurred in the lake.     

沱江氮污染物转化规律及污染容量

本文研究氮污染物在沱江水体中的转化规律及其主要的影响因素。通过实验室模拟试验和野外现场水团追踪试验求得氨氮在沱江水中的总消失速度常数k_T、硝化速度常数k_N、温度校正系数θ以及氨氮的耗氧系数f_n。在参数计算方法上较前人有所改进。建立了计算沱江氮污染容量的数学模式,并用该模式估算了沱江在不同流量和不同水温条件下所能容纳氮污染物的负荷量。