Initial results from a multi-institutional collaboration to monitor harmful algal blooms in South Carolina

The rapid rate of development in the South Carolina (SC) coastal zone has heightened public concern for the condition of the state's estuaries, and alerted scientists to the potential that novel and adverse effects on estuarine ecosystems may result. Although well-developed databases from long-term monitoring programs exist for many variables valuable in predicting and following system responses, information on phytoplankton distributions in SC estuaries has lagged. Knowledge of the dynamical relationship between environmental (e.g., nutrient quantity and quality) and biological (e.g., grazing) regulation, and phytoplankton biomass and composition is critical to understanding estuarine susceptibility to eutrophication or harmful algal blooms (HABs). Recently, SC scientists from federal, state, and academic institutions established a collaborative monitoring program to assess HAB distribution and ecology statewide. The South Carolina Harmful Algal Bloom Program includes: a) intensive temporal monitoring at areas of known HAB occurrence or those exhibiting symptoms potentially related to HABs (e.g., prevalent fish lesions), b) extensive spatial monitoring in coordination with existing statewide efforts, c) a citizen volunteer monitoring network, d) nutrient response bioassays, and e) laboratory-based physiological experiments on HAB isolates. By combining trip-wire surveillance and rapid response systems, routine monitoring of environmental parameters and HAB distribution, and process-oriented studies examining the physiological functioning of HAB species, an enhanced understanding of the impact and environmental control of HABs in SC estuaries will be achieved. The application of this approach to studies on the distribution and physiological ecology of a new widespread SC red tide, and to the discovery of several potentially toxic blooms (including Pfiesteria) in SC holding ponds, are described.     

城市径流质量模型参数率定方法研究

本文针对某一具体城市集水区，简要介绍一种污染物集聚模型和冲洗模型参数的率定方法。该方法概念清晰，操作简便，且成果符合实际，有一定精度。     

面向维修的采煤机截割部加载试验台的研制

针对矿修车间的采煤机截割部的加载问题,研制开发面向维修的采煤机截割部加载试验台,对维修后的采煤机截割部进行加载试验。试验台采用电力测功机加载,节能效果非常明显,加载调节使用方便、结构简单、可靠性高,功能完善。试验台的研制成功有利于提高生产管理水平,有效地避免井下的人机安全事故,有着巨大的经济价值和社会效益。     

QUANTIFICATION OF THE WATER BUDGET AND NUTRIENT LOADING IN A SMALL PEATLAND1

ABSTRACT: Few water budgets exist for specific types of wetlands such as peatlands, even though such information provides the basis from which to investigate linkages between wetlands and upland ecosystems. In this study, we first determined the water budget and then estimated nutrient loading from an upland farm field into a 1.5 ha, kettle-block peatland. The wetland contains highly anisotropic peat and has no distinct, active layer of groundwater flow. We estimated the depth of the active layer using Fick's law of diffusion and quantified groundwater flow using a chemical mass balance model. Evapotranspiration was determined using MORECS, a semi-physical model based on the Penman-Monteith approach. Precipitation and surface outflow were measured using physical means. Groundwater provided the major inflow, 84 percent (44,418 m³) in 1993 and 88 percent (68,311 m³) in 1994. Surface outflow represented 54 percent (28,763 m³) of total outflows in 1993 and 48 percent (37,078 m³) in 1994. A comparison of several published water budgets for wetlands and lakes showed that error estimates for hydrologic components in this study are well within the range of error estimates calculated in other studies. Groundwater inflow estimates and nutrient concentrations of three springs were used to estimate agricultural nutrient loading to the site. During the study period, nutrient loading into the peatland via groundwater discharge averaged 24.74 kg K ha^-1, 1.83 kg total inorganic P ha^d, and 21.81 kg NO₃-N ha^-1.     

Effect of Fe loading quantity on reduction reactivity of nano zero-valent iron supported on chelating resin

In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) were immobilized within a chelating resin (DOW 3N). To investigate the effect of Fe loading on NZVI reactivity, three NZVI-resin composites with different Fe loading were obtained by preparing Fe(III) solution in 0, 30 and 70% (v/v) ethanol aqueous, respectively; the bromate was used as a model contaminant. TEM reveals that increasing the Fe loading resulted in much larger size and poor dispersion of nanoscale iron particles. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of bromate and the rate constant (K_obs) were decreased with increasing the Fe loading. For the NZVI-resin composite with lower Fe loading, the removal efficiency of bromate declined more significantly with the increase of DO concentrations. Under acidic conditions, decreasing the pH value had the most significant influence on NZVI-R3 with highest Fe loading for bromate removal; however, under alkaline conditions, the most significant influence of pH was on NZVI-R1 with lowest Fe loading. The effects of co-existing anions NO3−, PO43− and HCO3− were also investigated. All of the co-existing anions showed the inhibition to bromate reduction.     

NIOSH对防颗粒物呼吸器过滤效率的检测、判定方法及对国家标准GB2626-2006的启示

本文探讨了过滤元件在加载条件下,过滤效率出现变化的一些特点及其对呼吸防护的影响,并介绍了NIOSH标准关于过滤效率的检测判定方法;针对油性颗粒物过滤效率合格判定终点的问题,详细介绍了NIOSH新近采取的措施,探讨了其可行性,并建议在国家标准GB2626-2006中加以采纳。     

加卸载下含水率对含瓦斯煤岩损伤变形的影响分析

采用含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服控制渗流试验装置对不同含水状态煤样进行了加卸载下三轴变形与渗流特性的试验研究。研究结果表明:含水率越高,煤样的三轴强度越低,失去抵抗外部载荷所产生破坏的能力越快,且塑性变形增强,脆性破坏减弱,瓦斯流量增加越小;含水率的增加能够使得煤岩破坏时积聚的弹性能减少,并且释放速率更加缓慢,更多的消耗于塑性变形中,这有助于预防煤岩破坏时由于弹性能的突然释放而导致的大型煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生;基于Logistic方程和能量耗散理论,建立了煤岩损伤演化数学模型,通过对试验数据的拟合分析,两者吻合程度较高,能够为煤岩损伤破坏提供预测。研究结果对于具有煤与瓦斯突出危险性的煤层进行注水消突具有理论指导意义。     

不同推进速度下煤岩体采动力学行为响应特征与控制

为获得不同推进速度下煤岩体的采动力学行为特征,通过轴压和围压分别模拟不同推进速度下垂直应力、水平应力,采用增轴压降围压的方式模拟煤岩体的采动力学行为,同时采用数值模拟和工程实践相结合的方法对不同推进速度下煤岩体的采动力学行为进行研究。结果表明:在围压卸载速率相同的条件下,随着轴压加载速率（推进速度）的增加,煤体的峰值强度、轴向应变和横向应变呈增大趋势,在峰值阶段产生了较大的轴向应变和横向应变,呈现出一定的延性,破坏形式具有塑性特征;在轴向加载和围压卸载的综合作用下,煤体体积一直处于膨胀变形状态,围压的卸载加速了煤体损伤破坏的进程,煤体破坏时的峰值应力和体积扩容受控于围压卸载的程度,控制轴压加载速率和围压卸载程度可控制煤体破坏时的峰值应力和体积变形。生产实践中,应结合煤岩体的采动力学行为特征,确定合理的推进速度并加以控制,以保证回采巷道与采场围岩的稳定性。     

沸石生物滴滤器处理分散式生活污水的性能及生物膜特征

构建沸石生物滴滤器处理农村生活污水,研究了滴滤器的挂膜启动特征、进水水力负荷对滴滤器处理生活污水性能的影响.滴滤器采用连续进水的方式挂膜,挂膜26d后,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到85%和68%以上,且COD和氨氮相邻两次监测结果的相对偏差均低于10%,表明滴滤器挂膜成功,并基本达到了稳定的运行状态.滴滤器表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为300L/（m²·d）时,滴滤器对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的平均去除率分别达到90.8%、87.1%、67.2%、90.1%.滴滤器对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD、氨氮、TN的去除贡献率最大,填料的吸附则是TP去除的主要途径,铁屑的氧化是影响填料吸附去除TP的重要因素.生物量及生物膜的分布特征表明,滴滤器内生物膜中细菌的多样性十分丰富.     

埕岛油田中心二号生活平台导管架结构寿命评估

论述了应用NDV挪威船级社的SESAM软件对中心二号生活平台导管架结构寿命评估的方法和程序.采用对导管架、桩、上部组块的前处理建立有限元模型、加载载荷,并进行敏感分析和构件重要度分析的评估方法,从而计算出了结构失效的概率,给出了有针对性的结论和建议.