2005年中国气态α HCH的人体暴露和健康风险分析

为评估由我国大气中α HCH所导致的人体健康风险,利用CanMETOP 模拟的2005年日均α HCH大气浓度,基于吸入因子和致癌风险进行研究。结果表明年吸入因子呈东部>西部,北部>南部的特征,东中和东北部地区的吸入因子分别主要由人口密度和α HCH大气浓度贡献,东中和东南部地区的个体健康损失小于东北地区,东中和东南部地区年内逐月吸入因子分配较为均匀,而东北地区主要集中的夏季,东北地区个体致癌风险系数明显高于中部和南部。推测由其它污染物所形成的暴露风险具有类似的时空分布。加之夏季东北地区集中降水所形成的湿沉降以及气温升高等因素,使摄食暴露和皮肤接触暴露增大,东北地区人群的复合暴露风险将显著大于其它地区     

包容性区域创新体系研究

实现包容性增长是中国未来发展的必然选择,其关键在于为长期处于社会网络边缘的贫困人群提供平等参与的机会.包容性创新充分利用贫困人群中蕴藏的巨大消费、生产、创业潜力,既为企业带来难以模仿的竞争优势,又让穷人参与到价值创造的过程中,帮助其公平合理地分享经济增长.但包容性创新活动面临着市场信息匮乏、知识和技能不足、制度体系不完善、基础设施落后、金融服务欠缺等特殊挑战,需要包容性区域创新体系为其提供支撑.包容性区域创新体系由创新主体子系统、创新支撑子系统、创新环境子系统三个子系统构成,在技术选择、改进与扩散,当地信息获取,知识传播和吸收,信任合作关系确立等方面发挥作用,并为包容性创新活动提供完善的基础设施,教育与培训体系,健全有效的制度环境以及必要的金融服务.为构建一个以消除贫困为导向的包容性区域创新体系,政府需要从提供有益于包容性创新的制度框架,消除包容性创新面临的特有障碍,提高包容性区域创新提供的效率与扩散范围以及增加贫困群体能力等四个方面入手.     

中国银行业环境风险控制体系构建现状分析

银行投资行为导致的环境破坏问题可能给银行带来环境风险。环境风险控制是实现我国金融可持续发展的必然选择。我国银行业环境风险控制体系由四部分组成,其中环境信息收集和传递是环境风险控制的基础,环境风险管理部门建设是环境风险控制业务的保障,环境风险动态评估和管理是环境风险控制的关键,借鉴国际经验和加入国际准则是提升环境风险控制水平的有效途径。本文通过对我国全国性商业银行在环境风险控制领域的举措进行分析,总结我国银行业环境风险控制体系构建的现状和问题。     

China's Regional Policies:Progress of the 11~(th) Five Year Plan Period and Prospect of the 12~(th) Five Year Plan Period

During the 11th Five Year Plan period,China improved its policy system for the overall strategy of regional development,and established and completed the policies intended for the promotion of regional cooperation and interaction.Thereupon,regional development in China took on a series of positive changes such as the enhancement of coordination.During the 12th Five Year Plan period,China will fully implement and continuously improve the policy measures for development in its four major regions,strengthen differentiated guidance to different regions in line with the planning for major function-oriented zones,and accelerate the establishment of basic systems that facilitate coordinated regional development.     

China＇s Regional Policies： Progress of the 11^th Five Year Plan Period and Prospect of the 12^th Five Year Plan Period

During the 11^th Five Year Plan period, China improved its policy system for the overall strategy of regional development, and established and completed the policies intended for the promotion of regional cooperation and interaction. Thereupon, regional development in China took on a series of positive changes such as the enhancement of coordination. During the 12^th Five Year Plan period, China will fully implement and continuously improve the policy measures for development in its four major regions, strengthen differentiated guidance to different regions in line with the planning for major function-oriented zones, and accelerate the establishment of basic systems that facilitate coordinated regional development.     

The Factor Decomposition on Carbon Emission of China——Based on LMDI Decomposition Technology

Carbon emission is the current hot issue of global concern. How to assess various contributing factors for carbon emission is of great importance to find out the key factors and promote carbon emission reduction. In this paper, the author constructs an identical equation for carbon emission, based on the economic aggregate, the economic structure, the efficiency of energy utilization, the structure of energy consumption, and the coefficient of carbon emission; by applying to LMDI decomposition technology, the author analyzes the carbon emission of China from 1995 to 2007 at industrial level and regional level. The results show that the expansion of economic aggregate is the main reason for China’ s rapidly increasing carbon emission and the increase of energy utilization efficiency is the key factor that can hold back the increase of carbon emission. In addition, the change of industrial structure or regional structure and the change of traditional energy structure have limited influence on the carbon emission, and their potentials have not yet been exploited. At the end of this paper, the author proposes the efforts that China should make to reduce carbon emission.     

Engineered nanomaterials in rivers--exposure scenarios for Switzerland at high spatial and temporal resolution

Probabilistic material flow analysis and graph theory were combined to calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in Swiss rivers: 543 river sections were used to assess the geographical variability of nano-TiO₂, nano-ZnO and nano-Ag, and flow measurements over a 20-year period at 21 locations served to evaluate temporal variation. A conservative scenario assuming no ENM removal and an optimistic scenario covering complete ENM transformation/deposition were considered. ENM concentrations varied by a factor 5 due to uncertain ENM emissions (15%-85% quantiles of ENM emissions) and up to a factor of 10 due to temporal river flow variations (15%-85% quantiles of flow). The results indicate highly variable local PECs and a location- and time-dependent risk evaluation. Nano-TiO₂ median PECs ranged from 11 to 1′623 ng L⁻¹ (conservative scenario) and from 2 to 1′618 ng L⁻¹ (optimistic scenario). The equivalent values for nano-ZnO and nano-Ag were by factors of 14 and 240 smaller.     

Comparing the sensitivity of soil invertebrates to pesticides with that of Eisenia fetida

The sole routine testing of the standard earthworm Eisenia fetida for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides has been under much debate since other soil invertebrates may be more sensitive than this standard test species. However, the very low availability of laboratory toxicity data for taxa other than E. fetida has greatly hampered sensitivity comparisons. In the present study, the relative tolerance (T_rel) approach was used to enable comparing toxicity thresholds obtained from the US-EPA ECOTOX database, for main terrestrial taxonomic groups and pesticidal types of action (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other) separately. Analyses confirmed previously reported lower and higher sensitivity of collembolans to fungicides and insecticides, respectively. However, various other discrepancies in susceptibility relative to E. fetida were encountered as indicated by species sensitivity distributions and/or calculated 95% confidence intervals of T_rel values. Arachnids and isopods were found to be more sensitive to insecticides, and nematodes to fungicides, as compared to E. fetida. Implications of study findings for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides are discussed.     

Dissipation,residues, and risk assessment of imidacloprid in Zizania latifolia and purple sweet potato under field conditions using LC-MS/MS

A shortened version of Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method (QuEChERS) for determining the dissipation and residue of imidacloprid present in Zizania latifolia and purple sweet potato was established by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of imidacloprid in the two crops ranged from 82.12 to 113.79%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of <7.32%. The dissipation dynamics of imidacloprid in Z. latifolia plants and purple sweet potato plants followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 3.2–5.5?days in each of sampling locations. The terminal imidacloprid residues in Z. latifolia and purple sweet potato at each of location were <0.005–0.120?mg kg^?1. According to the risk assessment results, both the acute dietary risk quotient and chronic dietary risk quotient values were <1, indicating that imidacloprid is unlikely to pose health risks to humans with normal recommended use. The present study may serve as a valuable reference for the safe and reasonable use of imidacloprid in Z. latifolia and purple sweet potato fields.