武汉对外经济联系腹地变动与都市圈范围的界定

近55年来,武汉对外经济联系的影响范围不断发生变化,受自身经济发展水平、对外经济联系程度、周围城市空间竞争影响明显。构建经济联系量模型,揭示出武汉市对外经济联系作用明显加强;存在主要联系方向,表现出较强的时间惯性;地域空间分布上受距离衰减律作用呈圈层结构分异,以武汉为中心形成3个等级圈层。运用断开点公式,揭示出武汉市经济辐射空间受到周边大城市不同程度的空间竞争挤压,腹地范围逐渐减小。依据都市圈层阶结构、区划完整、动态发展、区域平衡等原则,综合中心城市实力、区域发展背景、空间要素与流量等因子,通过构建经济联系强度模型,结合空间流量实证算法,界定武汉都市圈域范围:核心圈层("1 8"都市圈)、外围圈层(湖北、河南、湖南、江西、安徽部分相邻县市)。     

Bed Stability and Sedimentation Associated With Human Disturbances in Pacific Northwest Streams1

Abstract: To evaluate anthropogenic sedimentation in United States (U.S.) Pacific Northwest coastal streams, we applied an index of relative bed stability (LRBS*) to summer low flow survey data collected using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program field methods in a probability sample of 101 wadeable stream reaches. LRBS* is the log of the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (D_gm) to critical diameter (D*_cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield’s criterion for incipient motion. We used a formulation of LRBS* that explicitly accounts for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness due to pools and wood. LRBS* ranged from ?1.9 to +0.5 in streams within the lower quartile of human riparian and basin disturbance, and was substantially lower (?4.2 to ?1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. Modeling results suggest that the expected range of LRBS* in streams without human disturbances in this region might be generally between ?0.7 and +0.5 in either sedimentary or volcanic lithology. However, streams draining relatively soft, erodible sedimentary lithology showed greater reductions in LRBS* associated with disturbance than did those having harder, more resistant volcanic (basalt) lithology with similar levels of basin and riparian disturbance. At any given level of disturbance, smaller streams had lower LRBS* than those with larger drainages. In sedimentary lithology (sandstone and siltstone), high‐gradient streams had higher LRBS* than did low‐gradient streams of the same size and level of human disturbance. High gradient streams in volcanic lithology, in contrast, had lower LRBS* than low‐gradient streams of similar size and disturbance. Correlations between D_gm and land disturbance were stronger than those observed between D*_cbf and land disturbance. This pattern suggests that land use has augmented sediment supplies and increased streambed fine sediments in the most disturbed streams. However, we also show evidence that some of the apparent reductions in LRBS*, particularly in steep streams draining small volcanic drainages, may have resulted in part from anthropogenic increases in bed shear stress. The synoptic survey methods and designs we use appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. More precise field measurements of channel slope, cross‐section geometry, and bed surface particle size would be required to use LRBS* in applications requiring a higher degree of accuracy and precision, such as site‐specific assessments at individual streams.     

广东省水资源可持续利用评价研究

将影响水资源可持续开发利用的主要评价指标组成模糊物元,同时各开发利用阶段作为物元的对象,以各项评价指标及其相应的模糊量值构造复合模糊物元,运用层级分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标的权重,最后计算其欧化距离相似贴近度.通过广东省水资源可持续开发利用评价验证了该分析方法的科学性和有效性.     

1980-2009年期间黑龙江省玉米低温冷害年判定

将黑龙江省玉米种植区分为东、西、南、北、中5个区域,并在5个区域中选取24个气象站作为研究对象,利用逐日气象资料和玉米发育期资料,考虑玉米各发育阶段对温度的不同需求,建立具有气象、农学和生物学意义的玉米低温冷害综合指标。结果表明:1980-2009年间,黑龙江省共发生了14次玉米低温冷害,其中1987年冷害严重;以每10年进行比较,冷害的发生频次和程度都呈下降趋势。近30年来,冷害程度具有明显的区域差异,北部重于中部,中部重于南部;冷害频次上呈现北部最多,中部次之,南部最少的特点。     

青藏铁路沿线热喀斯特湖易发程度的区划评价

随着全球气候的持续转暖,青藏铁路沿线热喀斯特湖数量正在逐年增多、面积逐年增大。湖塘的形成虽然具有一定的随机性特点,但其发生的区域性和重复性特点是热喀斯特湖分布与出现的总体规律。在野外系统勘测调查的基础上,依据工程地质类比原则,结合专家打分、层次分析、信息量、统计量等模型方法,对区域内湖塘产生与发展起一定主导作用的历史因素(灾点密度、灾面密度)和基本地质环境因素(冻土类型、年均地温、植被覆盖度、土质类型、地形坡度)基于ArcGIS平台进行综合分析评价,得出楚玛尔河至风火山段青藏铁路沿线热喀斯特湖易发程度的空间分布。结果表明,占研究区总面积47.97%的高易发区占据了湖塘总数量的87.94%、总面积的91.15%,主要分布在楚玛尔河高平原、北麓河盆地和可可西里山间盆地;中易发、低易发、非易发三个区占据了研究区总面积的52.03%,却仅分布了占总数量12.06%、面积8.85%的热喀斯特湖,主要分布于可可西里山区、风火山山区及河谷地区,与2011年9月份野外考察的热喀斯特湖实际的空间分布状况保持了较好的一致性。     

我国环境治理投资效率评价及其关键影响因素

在系统地归纳了环境治理投资效率的相关研究的基础上,依据构建评价指标体系的原则,以环境治理投资总额作为投入指标,以及环境治理投资在水、气、固体等方面控制绩效作为产出,建立我国环境治理投资效率的评价指标体系,构建基于DEA方法的我国环境治理投资效率评价模型,再以环境治理投资效率为母因素,以各评价指标为环境治理投资效率的影响因素,利用灰色关联度分析方法,构建我国环境治理投资效率的关键影响因素分析模型,通过《中国环境统计年鉴2010》和《中国统计年鉴2010》收集2009年我国各省市（自治区）投入产出数据,得到我国各省市的环境治理投资效率及其关键影响因素,证实控制关键因素--环境治理投资总额,能够有效地提高环境治理投资效率     

东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应演变及影响因素

提出"区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应"的概念,并构建了区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应指数、响应度模型及评价指标体系,通过定量分析1995-2008年东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应变化及影响因素,得出以下结论:1995年以来东北地区开发规模不断扩大,而资源环境水平总体呈现出"先升后降"的波动变化态势。资源环境对东北地区开发规模扩张具有由"正响应"向"负响应"转变的特征,与此相对应,区域开发规模扩张对资源环境的影响程度也呈现出由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的态势,这说明近年来在东北地区开发规模加速扩展的同时,其对区域资源环境造成的压力也日益增大。1995-2008年由经济快速增长导致的资源环境压力增长是引致东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"正向促进"向"负向胁迫"转化的重要内部因素,而区域投资的不断增长以及工业的快速发展是东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的主要因素。     

上海市港城经济联动发展研究——基于建设现代化港口城市的背景

上海市要建成现代化港口城市,必须具备发达的港口经济与和谐的港城关系。从实现上海市港城经济联动发展的目的出发,将港城经济系统划分为城市经济子系统和港口经济子系统,选取具有代表性的指标,对2001—2010年间的数据进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明,保险业、信息业对港口经济的联动性较强,城市基础设施、集疏运体系和金融业对港口经济的支撑不足,且港口经济的外贸依存度不高,因此上海市需加快基础设施、金融业和现代物流业的配套建设。     

Nature of the field-to-field distribution of pesticide residues

The supervised trial datasets (1950), consisting of a minimum of five residue values and selected by the experts of FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues for recommending maximum residue levels between 1997 and 2011, were evaluated to obtain information on the typical spread of residue values in individual datasets. The typical relative standard deviation, CV, of field-to-field variation of pesticide residues was about 80%. The spread of residues in datasets is independent from the chemical structure of pesticides, residue level, pre-harvest interval and number of values in the datasets. The CV ranges within the Codex commodity groups and between groups overlapped and their difference were not statistically significant. The number of residues below the limit of quantification (LOQ) affects the CV at various extents depending on the ratio of LOQ/R _mean. The combined uncertainty of the highest residue in a dataset significantly affects the CV of the dataset. The lowest and intermediate ones have less influence. The residues in different fields receiving the same treatment vary within large range: 55%, 72%, 78%, 86% and 89% of the 25,766 residues values were, respectively, within 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 times the median value of the corresponding dataset.     

不同氮素浓度与空间条件下青萍生长特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了它在不同总氮(TN)初始浓度和空间条件下的生长特征。结果表明,在表面积为95 cm2,TN初始浓度为0、1、2、3 mg/L的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从经典生长模型,对数生长阶段的相对生长速率(RGR)随TN浓度的增长而线性增长,分别为0.10、0.11、0.13、0.13 d-1。在TN浓度为10 mg/L,表面积为95、130和230 cm2的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从Logistic生长模型,其环境最大承载量和对数生长阶段的RGR分别为1 899、2 101和1 962 g/m2以及0.21、0.21和0.20 d-1。