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211.
关于肥满度指数的讨论 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
肥满度指数,也称身体状况指数,广泛应用于各个动物类群和生态学、生理、生化、遗传学以及养殖业.至今已有多种肥满度指数提出,从计算公式结构上,肥满度指数可以划分为比值法和残差法两大类.通过对各种肥满度指数的分析,Le Cren相对状态指数Kn、log10(体重)与log10(身体大小指数)线性回归的(标准化)残差这两种肥满度指数系统误差相对较小.实际应用中最好根据所考察的问题分别计算不同年龄段、性别的个体的肥满度指数来分析肥满度指数.由于定义的模糊性及其前提假设缺乏广泛验证,因此,肥满度指数在实际应用中需要谨慎考察其前提假设是否满足.参33 相似文献
212.
Body size has often been related to reproductive success in bees and wasps. The objective of this 3-year study was to analyze
the relationship between nesting female body size, provisioning rate and longevity and their effect on several traits related
to parental investment and reproductive success in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta. Body size was not correlated to longevity, and it was only correlated to provisioning rate in the third year (with poor
weather conditions during nesting). Variation in fecundity, offspring size and offspring mortality was not well explained
by nesting female body size in any of the 3 years. However, in the third year, small females biased their investment toward
males, the sex requiring smaller pollen–nectar provisions. Large females were more successful usurpers of other females' nests,
but fecundity of usurpers was no higher than fecundity of nonusurpers. Large females were more likely to establish at the
release site, probably in relation to size-dependent vigor at emergence. A review of the literature on parental investment
in solitary aculeate Hymenoptera showed a stronger relationship between body size and reproductive success in wasps than in
bees. In O. cornuta, fecundity was strongly related to longevity and provisioning rate in all 3 years. Offspring size was associated with provisioning
rate in 1 year, when females with higher provisioning rates tended to produce larger sons and daughters. Both longevity and
provisioning rate appeared to be strongly conditioned by stochastic events. 相似文献
213.
Human digit ratios depend on birth order and sex of older siblings and predict maternal fecundity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In men, the length ratio of the second to fourth finger (2D:4D) is smaller, while the length of the fourth finger relative
to body height (4D:H) is larger than in women. Inter- and intrasexual variations in 2D:4D and 4D:H may depend on variation
in fetal androgen and oestrogen environment. As maternal physiology varies with parity and is differentially affected by gestation
of either sex, offspring 2D:4D and 4D:H may change according to sex and number of older siblings and may predict subsequent
maternal performance. We analysed 2D:4D and 4D:H in Caucasian university students. 2D:4D was smaller and 4D:H was larger in
males than in females, but no sexual dimorphism existed in 2D:H. In males, length ratios did not vary with birth order. 2D:4D
became more masculine with increasing proportion of males among older siblings, and 2D:4D and 4D:H became more feminine as
the number of older sisters increased. In females, length ratios did not vary with the number of older sisters or brothers.
2D:4D was also not related to birth order, but 4D:H became more masculine with birth order. In females, residual maternal
fecundity (number of maternal offspring after the participant) decreased as 4D:H became more masculine. These findings are
partly consistent with those from previous studies and suggest that maternal fecundity co-varies with length ratios and thus
possibly fetal hormone environment of older offspring. 2D:4D and 4D:H may therefore represent powerful tools to investigate
the relationships between fetal environment, offspring phenotype and maternal life history at mechanistic and evolutionary
levels. 相似文献
214.
九寨沟主要植物群落生物量的空间分布 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
研究了九寨沟自然保护区主要植物群落的生物量以及生物量在九寨沟的空间分布格局 ,并用群落的总生物量量度不同群落在九寨沟陆生生态系统中的相对重要性 .在野外实地调查中 ,采取皆伐法测定了乔木群落林下层以及灌丛和草甸群落的地上部分生物量 ;对样方中乔木的胸径、树高进行了测量 ,利用经验公式估算乔木层的生物量 .研究结果表明 ,所有群落中生物量最大的为亚高山暗针叶林 ,平均为 380thm-2 左右 ,总生物量亦占了整个九寨沟生物量总量的 90 %以上 ,为九寨沟陆地生态系统中最重要的植物群落 ;高山草甸和流石滩植被生物量最小 ,平均为 1thm-2以下 .整个九寨沟的总生物量约为 8.3× 10 6t,平均生产力大于 5 .89thm-2 a-1.垂直分布上 ,生物量一般随海拔的升高而增加 ,在halt=30 0 0m以上达到最大值 ,之后则随海拔的升高而急剧下降 ,这种分布格局与土壤、气候、人类干扰等各种环境因素密切相关 .与全国平均水平相比 ,九寨沟几乎所有类型的群落的平均生物量都要高于全国同类群落的平均水平 .图 3表 4参 18 相似文献
215.
沙打旺与柳枝稷单、混播种苗期水分利用和根冠生长的比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在室内生长箱内盆栽沙打旺和柳枝稷的苗期生长阶段进行高土壤水分 (黄绵土土壤田间持水量FC的 80 % )和低土壤水分 (5 0 ?)处理 ,比较二者单、混播种植下水分利用与根冠生长差异 ,以探讨黄土高原半干旱丘陵区牧草植物的合理种植方式 .结果表明 :在水分利用方面 ,低水处理下混播使沙打旺和柳枝稷叶片瞬时水分利用效率均较单播提高 ,低水处理后混播群体水分利用效率也显著比单播柳枝稷增大 .在根冠生长方面 ,混播促进了柳枝稷地上部分植株高度生长 ,并使地下部分分配比重增大 ,根系绝对长度缩短 ;混播后沙打旺的植株高度降低 ,根系绝对长度增加 ,但干物质分配比重减小 .低水处理后 ,沙打旺和柳枝稷混播下的根冠生长趋向于资源的充分合理利用 ,表现在混播群体的根系生长有利于充分利用土壤深层水和表层来水 ,混播后地上部分高度的生长特征变化利于对光的利用 .因此 ,在水分和养分条件相对较差坡地占较大比例的半干旱黄土丘陵地区 ,采用沙打旺和柳枝稷混播种植相比各自单播利于促进苗期生长与提高土壤水分利用率 .图 2表 2参 10 相似文献
216.
外加镍在土壤中的形态与再分配 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
镍处理土壤经室内培养12周后,采用连续提取技术对试验土壤中镍的形态与再分配方式进行了研究。研究结果表明,外加的水溶性镍进入土壤后的主要存在形态与添加的剂量有关:低剂量时,以铁锰氧化态为主,这一形态在100mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到31.6%;高剂量时,以交换态为主,这一形态在1600mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到48.4%。随着镍添加剂量由0(对照)增加到1600mg·kg-1,再分配系数逐渐由1.00增大到30.65;金属结合强度系数则由0.90减小至0.25,也反映出进入土壤中镍的剂量较大时,镍是以不稳定的形态占优。试验结果也证实了土壤具有减小镍的环境危害的作用,但这种缓冲能力是有限的。随着时间的推移,镍的形态会继续发生变化,但这一转化过程是缓慢的。因此,一旦土壤发生重金属污染,其对土壤环境的影响将是长期的。 相似文献
217.
218.
219.
颗粒活性炭对UASB处理垃圾渗滤液促进作用的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对比研究,考查了用UASB处理垃圾渗滤液时,投加颗粒活性炭对加速UASB反应器中污泥颗粒化进程、缩短启动时间、提高处理效果的影响。结果显示:启动时间缩短了近1/3,最大有机负荷提高近40%且出现了更大颗粒污泥,但COD去除效率没有明显提高。 相似文献
220.
Aerosol light-scattering in The Netherlands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
H.M.Ten Brink J.P. Veefkind A. Waijers-Ijpelaan J.C. van der Hage 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4251-4261
The relation between the (midday) aerosol light-scattering and the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate has been assessed at a site near the coast of the North Sea in The Netherlands. Midday was selected for the measurements because this is the time at which the aerosol is most effective in the scattering of solar radiation. Automated thermodenuders were used for the hourly measurement of the concentration of nitrate and sulfate with a lower detection limit of 0.1 μ m−3. The site is operational since October 1993. The first-year average dry aerosol light-scattering (measured with an integrating nephelometer at a wavelength of 525 nm) was 0.71 × 10−4 m1̄. In arctic marine air the aerosol light-scattering was a factor of 10 lower than the average value, in polluted continental air it was up to a factor of 10 higher. The ratio of the total aerosol light-scattering to the concentration of sulfate was 20 m2 g−1. The contribution of nitrate to the aerosol light-scattering was higher than that of sulfate in the winter and of about equal magnitude in the summer period. In November and December of 1993, the humidity dependence of the aerosol light-scattering was investigated. Two types of (continental) aerosol were found with respect to the humidity behavior. One type showed a significant increase in light-scattering at the deliquescence points of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, with that of ammonium nitrate the most pronounced. The second type of continental aerosol did not show deliquescence, but followed the typical humidity dependence of aerosol in a supersaturated droplet state. In this latter aerosol type, nitrate dominated over sulfate. It was concluded from the study that the aerosol light-scattering in The Netherlands, in particular its humidity dependence, is governed by (ammonium) nitrate. 相似文献