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261.
本文就广州市生活用水量日益增长的现象,根据实际情况选取变化幅度较大和影响较显著的4 个指标,采用1992 年~1997 年的数据对广州市生活用水量变化进行了灰色关联分析,并提出了减缓该市生活用水量的几点建议。 相似文献
262.
263.
By scoring the chromosome number of developing embryos, we show that the sex ratio bias of the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock is the result of an overproduction of female embryos. Only 17% of 585 embryos sexed from 14 egg sacs were male, a
significant departure from a 1:1 sex ratio. We also explored the possibility of direct control of the sex of individual offspring
in this species by examining the variance in the number of males per sac and the spatial distribution of male and female embryos
within the sacs. We postulated that a variance in the number of males per sac lower than binomial (i.e., underdispersed or
precise sex ratios) or a non-random distribution of male embryos within the sacs would suggest direct control of the sex of
individual offspring. We found that the variance in the number of males per sac was indistinguishable from binomial and significantly
larger than expected under exact ratios. Likewise, the spatial distribution of male embryos within three sacs examined was
no more clustered than expected by chance. The sex ratio biasing mechanism in this species, therefore, apparently only allows
control of the mean sex ratio but not of its variance. We present randomization and Monte Carlo methods that can be applied
to test for departures from a random spatial arrangement of male and female embryos in an egg mass and for departures from
binomial or exact ratios when not all members of a clutch have been sexed.
Received: 21 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 23 March 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999 相似文献
264.
Variance in female quality, operational sex ratio and male mate choice in a bushcricket 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Male bushcrickets, Kawanaphila nartee, exercise mate choice when nutrients are limited. Male mate choice is associated with a female-biased operational sex ratio
(OSR) that arises from an increased relative paternal investment under nutrient limitation. However, increased male choosiness
could be attributable to the fact that females vary more in fecundity, and consequently in mate quality, when nutrient limited.
Our objective was to experimentally partition the influences of OSR (male or female bias) and variance in mate quality (high
or low) and to assess their relative influence on the intensity of mate choice by male bushcrickets. Female quality was manipulated
by controlled feeding regimes that directly affected female fecundity. We found that males and females engaged in sexual interactions
sooner under a male-biased than a female-biased OSR. Males were more likely to reject females on their first encounter when
variance in female quality was high. However, the effect of quality variance on the total number of rejections during a 4-h
observation period was dependent on the perceived OSR. A male's prior experience of variance in female quality did not influence
male choosiness. Our observed rates of mate rejection conformed well with those predicted from recent theoretical models of
sexual differences in choosiness. In conclusion, our results show that the opportunity for selection via male mate choice
is influenced by an interaction between OSR and the variance in mate quality that arises within nutrient-limited populations
of females.
Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1998 相似文献
265.
Contradictory findings in studies of sex ratio variation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A. J. Mark Hewison Reidar Andersen Jean-Michel Gaillard John D. C. Linnell Daniel Delorme 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(5):339-348
Patterns of sex ratio variation and maternal investment reported in the literature are often inconsistent. This could be
due to intra- and inter-specific variation in social systems, but may also be a result of the a posteriori nature of much
of this type of analysis or the testing of models which are inappropriate. Two recent papers reported directly opposed results
concerning variation in offspring sex ratios in relation to maternal condition in roe deer, interpreting the results as support
for the Trivers and Willard model and for the local resource competition hypothesis, respectively. In this paper, we present
data on offspring sex ratios and early juvenile body weight from two long-term studies of this species to test predictions
arising from these two models concerning sex biases in litter composition and maternal care. First, we observed no consistent
pattern of sex differences in an index of weaning weight or body weight at 1 month old in either population, indicating a
lack of sex bias in maternal care. However, in one population, higher maternal body weight was associated with higher juvenile
body weight of daughters, but not of sons. Secondly, we found a negative, but not statistically significant, relationship
between maternal body weight and litter sex ratio such that heavier females tended to produce more daughters and lighter females
to produce more sons. These results indicate that roe females which have additional investment potential available do not
invest it in sons, as predicted by the Trivers and Willard model. Our results may provide some support that roe deer are subject
to local resource competition acting at the level of the individual mother; however, the fact that particular trends in sex
ratio data can be explained in functional terms provides no indication that they are actually adaptive.
Received: 9 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 11 November 1998 相似文献
266.
The host size model, an adaptive model for maternal manipulation of offspring sex ratio, was examined for the parasitoid
wasp Spalangia endius. In a Florida strain, as the model predicts, daughters emerged from larger hosts than sons, but only when mothers received
both small and large hosts simultaneously. The pattern appeared to result from the mother's ovipositional choice and not from
differential mortality of the sexes during development. If sex ratio manipulation is adaptive in the Florida strain, it appears
to be through a benefit to daughters of developing on large hosts rather than through a benefit to sons of developing on small
hosts. Both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. For females, developing on a larger
host (1) increased offspring production, except for the largest hosts, (2) increased longevity, (3) lengthened development,
and (4) had no effect on wing loading. For males, development on a larger host had no effect on any measure of male fitness
– mating success, longevity, development duration, or wing loading. In contrast, a strain from India showed no difference
in the size of hosts from which daughters versus sons emerged, although both female and male parasitoids were larger when
they developed on larger hosts. These results together with previous studies of Spalangia reveal no consistent connection between host-size-dependent sex ratio and host-size-dependent parasitoid size among strains
of S. endius or among species of Spalangia.
Received: 28 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 20 May 1999 / Accepted: 30 May 1999 相似文献
267.
Li Yang Tao Chen Kai-Chong Shi Lu Zhang Ngwe Lwin Peng-Fei Fan 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e14045
Species shift their distribution in response to climate and land-cover change, which may result in a spatial mismatch between currently protected areas (PAs) and priority conservation areas (PCAs). We examined the effects of climate and land-cover change on potential range of gibbons and sought to identify PCAs that would conserve them effectively. We collected global gibbon occurrence points and modeled (ecological niche model) their current and potential 2050s ranges under climate-change and different land-cover-change scenarios. We examined change in range and PA coverage between the current and future ranges of each gibbon species. We applied spatial conservation prioritization to identify the top 30% PCAs for each species. We then determined how much of the PCAs are conserved in each country within the global range of gibbons. On average, 31% (SD 22) of each species’ current range was covered in PAs. PA coverage of the current range of 9 species was <30%. Nine species lost on average 46% (SD 29) of their potential range due to climate change. Under climate-change with an optimistic land-cover-change scenario (B1), 12 species lost 39% (SD 28) of their range. In a pessimistic land-cover-change scenario (A2), 15 species lost 36% (SD 28) of their range. Five species lost significantly more range under the A2 scenario than the B1 scenario (p = 0.01, SD 0.01), suggesting that gibbons will benefit from effective management of land cover. PA coverage of future range was <30% for 11 species. On average, 32% (SD 25) of PCAs were covered by PAs. Indonesia contained more species and PCAs and thus has the greatest responsibility for gibbon conservation. Indonesia, India, and Myanmar need to expand their PAs to fulfill their responsibility to gibbon conservation. Our results provide a baseline for global gibbon conservation, particularly for countries lacking gibbon research capacity. 相似文献
268.
利用南京市气溶胶激光雷达网和草场门超级站监测数据,对2022年3月2—3日南京地区一次沙尘污染过程的垂直特征和地面PM2.5组分变化进行了分析。结果表明,草场门、八卦洲和土桥3处点位的气溶胶激光雷达均观测到消光系数和退偏振比在凌晨至清晨时段有垂直分层现象,说明高空输入的沙尘气团位于城市污染气团上空,而此时地面PM2.5组分以二次无机盐(硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐)为主。中午前后,各高度的退偏振比及消光系数发生突变,主要是由高空输入沙尘和城市污染气团的垂直混合引起的。随着日间大气垂直交换的加大,PM2.5中地壳物质的浓度均值和占比显著上升,其中浓度从3 μg/m3升高至5 μg/m3,占比从3%上升至10%。 相似文献
269.
270.
滑坡灾害空间预测结果的评价方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了目前对滑坡灾害空间预测结果进行定量评价的3种方法,并对每种方法进行了分析和比较。基于将预测结果与历史滑坡相对比的评价思路,引入了"滑坡比"的概念,定义其为:相应易滑度指标值的邻域所包含的预测单元中,曾发生滑坡的单元所占比例;并指出,好的预测结果应满足:易滑度指标值越大,滑坡比越大,且指标值相对较大时,相应滑坡比应较接近于1。在此基础上,提出采用预测率函数曲线所围面积之比,即"面积比"评价指标来对预测结果进行评价,并通过理论分析和实例,证明了该评价方法较现有方法确有改进。 相似文献