2015年我国废钢铁总资源及可获量的推定

概述了国内资深专家对我国废钢铁资源现状和发展前景的看法,并对我国2015年废钢铁总资源及可获量进行推定。     

Toxicity of cadmium to the green alga Parachlorella kessleri: Producing Cd-loaded algae for feeding experiments

The effects of Cd at environmental concentrations (0–32 µg/L) on the green alga Parachlorella kessleri were investigated. At about 3 µg Cd/L, toxic effects of Cd are becoming evident, much lower than reported previously. At 8 µg/L and higher, pronounced adverse effects on growth, cell morphology, size, and physiological state are seen. Therefore, levels lower than 2 µg Cd/L should be employed to produce Cd-carrying algae for feeding experiments with organisms on the next trophic level, e.g. mussels, to avoid reduced food uptake. These findings also suggest that aquatic ecosystem conditions can be indirectly influenced via the impairment of the nutritional value of algae since they are the basic organisms of aquatic food chains.     

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达研究广州一次浮尘天气过程

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达、颗粒物监测仪数据,结合风廓线等气象资料分析讨论了2012年3月25日广州浮尘天气气溶胶污染事件,通过气团后向轨迹分析了沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径.结果表明本次污染过程与我国西北地区大部沙尘暴产生的浮尘远距离输送有关;浮尘期间相对湿度迅速下降,测点PM10中PM2.5所占的比例在28%~31%之间,与广州地区以细粒子污染为特征不同,本次气溶胶污染事件主要是由粗粒子引起;影响近地面的沙尘层主要分布高度在1000~2000m区域;沙尘过境期间探测到气溶胶最大退偏比为0.34.     

Economics of additionality for environmental services from agriculture

We present a model of additionality for offsets sold from agriculture to industrial sector sources regulated by cap-and-trade. We consider a potential policy where agricultural sources would not be covered by cap-and-trade requirements but would be eligible to receive offsets whenever their emissions fall below a policy-specified baseline, and would not be penalized for emissions above their baseline. Major results are: (1) The optimal baseline should be set above the average counterfactual emissions of participating farms, an unexpected result that has been missing from the literature. (2) The optimal trading ratio should be greater than one (a ton of offsets counts for less than a ton of covered emissions) even under emissions certainty. Previous research has justified such trading ratios by emissions uncertainty. (3) Emissions uncertainty does not justify a change in the baseline if the accompanying emissions model is unbiased. (4) An optimal combination of policies is to subsidize offsets and tighten the baseline relative to the no-subsidy case.     

气浮净水高压射流溶气的可行性分析

利用CFD方法和Fluent软件模拟和分析了射流器在高、低压下内部和出口总体气体体积分数的大小和稳定性特点。通过比较高、低压射流溶气的相同点和差异,可得出结论:射流器高压(6～10 MPa)射流溶气是可行的,射流器出口的总体气体体积分数要大于低压(0.3～0.6 MPa)射流溶气,射流器在高压射流溶气下扩散管中总体气体体积分数的稳定性与低压射流溶气较接近。     

Does low N-mineralisation rate in soils under grass help limit nitrate leaching in summer?

This paper aimed to confirm the hypothesis that rates of ammonification and net mineral-N production in soils under grass in summer are low and this, rather than nitrate uptake by plants, reduces mineral leaching from soils in summer. Six sets of soil samples were collected from under mown grass on the University of York campus in the UK. Samples were taken from two depths in late summer (August) and late autumn (November) to compare seasonal differences in N species transformations when field-moist soils were incubated for a week at ambient outdoor temperatures after prior removal of vegetation. Ammonification and net mineral-N production rates were low in August in spite of warm temperatures. Net mineral-N production rates were also low in November. The results agreed with those of an earlier study in a different year after considering weather differences between years. They support the hypothesis that litter accumulated over autumn/winter will be minimally mineralised and retain N before the temperature rises in spring. The study shows the merit of measuring concentrations of mineral-N species in both fresh soils and soils incubated at ambient outdoor temperatures after removing plant material to eliminate plant N uptake effects. The results suggest that soil C% and N% are more important than soil C:N ratio alone in understanding controls on N transformations.     

Natural and Anthropogenic Effects On Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Mangroves

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variations and the factors influencing primary production have been studied in three different mangrove waters (Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar Estuary) of South India characterised by different anthropogenic impacts. the gross primary productivity in the unpolluted Pichavaram mangrove was 113 g Cm^?2yr^?1 exhibiting natural variability with the environmental forcing factors. Human activities have elevated primary productivity in the Ennore Creek mangrove (157g Cm^?2yr^?1) primarily through the direct discharge of fertilizer effluents. By contrast, a combination of domestic and industrial effluent discharges into the Adyar Estuary mangrove has considerably reduced phytoplankton primary productivity 83g Cm^?2yr^?1 the Redfield N: P ratio varies from 0.96 N: 1P at Ennore Creek, 1.75N: 1P at Adyar Estuary to 15.2 N: 1P at Pichavaram mangroves. This suggests that the Pichavaram mangroves represent a well equilibrated ecosystem with N: P ratio close to steady-state values in contrast to the anthropogenically altered mangrove ecosystems studied. Results show a significant temporal variability in nutrient concentration in the three mangrove areas. Distinct differences in nutrient concentrations between the dry and the wet seasons have been observed.     

省域旅游发展的错位现象及旅游资源相对效率评价——以中国大陆31省市区2000—2009年面板数据为例

以中国大陆31 个省级区域2000—2009 年的面板数据(因资料有限,未计算香港、澳门和台湾地区)为例,运用熵值法对各地区旅游资源禀赋状况进行评价,进一步构建错位指数,对各地区旅游业发展的“错位(诅咒) ”现象进行定量分析,同时结合旅游资源相对效率,对各地区旅游资源开发提出相应的建议。研究表明,总体上大陆旅游资源存在着一定程度的负向错位现象,正向错位的地区主要位于东部地区,且集中分布在长三角、珠三角、京津地区;发生负向错位现象的地区主要位于广大中西部地区。不同区域效率的驱动模式各不相同,东部地区旅游资源总效率主要受纯技术效率驱动,西部地区旅游资源总效率主要受规模效率驱动。效率排名与错位指数排名表现出很强的正相关性,结合两者的关系为未来省域旅游资源开发利用提供相应的建议。     

基于卸加载响应比的滑坡稳定状态评价与划分

为有效评价与预测滑坡的稳定状态,提出基于卸加载响应比参数的滑坡稳定状态划分的新方法.在阐述卸加载响应比理论内涵的基础上,从损伤力学角度探讨并建立了卸加载响应比与损伤变量的相互关系,并进一步通过分析滑坡稳定安全系数与损伤变量之间的相互关系,建立了卸加载响应比与滑坡稳定安全系数的定量关系.参照相关规范和标准,以卸加载响应比值划分了滑坡稳定状态区间.并以新滩滑坡为例,计算所得卸加载响应比所对应的滑坡稳定状态与实际情况相吻合.说明可以用卸加载响应比参数对滑坡稳定状态进行评价,它与滑坡稳定安全系数一样具有理论和实际应用价值.