复配表面活性剂APG/SDBS对菲、芘的增溶特性

研究了烷基糖苷(Alkyl Polyglycoside,APG)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate,SDBS)混合体系的不同复配比α(α=C_(SDBS)/C_总)、pH和温度(T)对菲和芘的溶解行为的影响.结果表明,当α=0.4时,复配体系具有最小的表面张力(γ)和临界胶束浓度(Critical Micelle Concentration,CMC),且菲、芘的表观溶解度(Sw)、增溶倍数(Sw/S*,S*为菲或芘在纯水中的溶解度)和摩尔增溶比(Molar Solubilization Ratio,MSR)均达到最大值.菲、芘的Sw随pH增加先增加后缓慢降低,pH=9时达到最大.随温度的升高,菲、芘的Sw逐渐增加,当T≥40℃时,增加变缓;因此,该复配体系的最佳反应条件为α=0.4、T=40℃、pH=9.本研究可为多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的淋洗修复提供科学依据.     

水平搅拌下低高径比SBR中好氧活性污泥的颗粒化

在设有水平机械搅拌、高径比（H/D）为1.2的圆柱形鼓风曝气SBR中,考察了活性污泥的颗粒化情况,对成熟颗粒污泥表面所受水力剪切速率进行了定量研究,分析了水平搅拌在颗粒化过程中的作用.结果表明：有水平搅拌存在下污泥逐渐颗粒化,形成了均值粒径为1.12mm的好氧颗粒污泥,污泥沉降速度为21.41m/h;计算结果表明污泥表面所受的平均剪切速率为27.25s^-1,剪切应力为3.38×10^-2N/m²;污泥表面所受平均剪切速率与机械搅拌速率和表观气速均呈正相关关系;实验条件下机械搅拌对剪切速率的贡献要远大于表观气速的贡献,前者指数约为后者的37.48倍.研究认为水平搅拌在反应器中形成的具有足够剪切强度的旋涡二次流是促使低高径比反应器好氧污泥颗粒化的关键水力条件.     

低C/N(<3)条件下SNEDPR系统启动及其脱氮除磷特性研究

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统处理低C/N（<3）污水的脱氮除磷特性,采用厌氧/低氧（溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L）运行的SBR反应器,以低碳城市污水为处理对象,考察了C/N对SNEDPR启动、脱氮除磷性能优化与菌群结构变化的影响.结果表明：进水C/N由4.3提高至5.15时,系统脱氮除磷性能均逐渐增强,系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率最高达89.3%和90.6%;降低进水C/N <3后,系统脱氮、除磷性能均呈现先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,但低C/N对PAOs（聚磷菌）除磷性能的影响高于其对反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）内源反硝化脱氮性能的影响,表现为TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别先降低至21.4%和3.4%后逐渐升高至92.9%和94.1%.系统稳定运行阶段,单位COD平均释磷量和SNED率达437.1mgP/gCOD和89.1%,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO_x^--N和PO₄^3--P浓度平均为0,4.4,0.2mg/L.经136d的运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs,AOB（氨氧化菌）和NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）分别占全菌的（16±3）%,（8±3）%,（7±3）%和（3±1）%,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能.此外,系统好氧段存在同步短程硝化内源反硝化,是实现低C/N（<3）污水高效脱氮除磷的原因.     

样品量对河流沉积物组分分析结果的影响

在完全相同的实验条件下 ,将 GSD-9水系沉积物作为监控样品 ,对河流表层沉积物 (<63 μm粒级部分 )取不同重量进行消化并用 ICP-AES法分析测定主要元素 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Ti,分析的准确度大于 94% ,分析结果相对标准偏差小于 5 % ,说明消化过程和分析结果是可信的。通过对四条不同河流黄河、赣江、汾河和辽河沉积物样品量与元素分析结果之间的关系图发现 ,在样品量小于 2 0 mg的情况下 ,总体会造成分析结果较大的波动 ,实验数据很难保证 ,而当样品量达到 2 0 mg以上 ,测定结果逐渐趋于平稳基本呈水平线 ,在 5 0～ 2 5 0 mg之间分析结果最为稳定。因此为了保证测定结果的准确性 ,河流表层沉积物的样品量至少应保证大于 2 0 mg。     

伊宁市空气污染与气象因子相关性分析

利用伊宁市2000年大气和气象实测资料分析了污染物与气象诸因子的关系。结果表明，污染物与气象诸因子的关系较为明显，特别是与风速，相对湿度,气温的相关性十分显著。同时也得出伊宁市降水的净化效应不显著。     

Leader–member exchange,organizational identification,and knowledge hiding: The moderating role of relative leader–member exchange

In this article, we sought to identify a new interpersonal antecedent of knowledge hiding, namely, leader–member exchange (LMX). Drawing on the group engagement model (an extension of social identity theory within the group/organization context), we built a theoretical model linking LMX and knowledge hiding. This model focuses on the mediating role of organizational identification and the moderating role of relative LMX in influencing the mediation. Using two time‐lagged studies (Study 1: n = 317; Study 2: n = 248) conducted in China, we examined our research model. Study 1 provided support for the proposed hypotheses for evasive hiding and playing dumb but not for rationalized hiding. Study 2 replicated and extended our findings. Results revealed that (a) LMX was negatively related to evasive hiding and playing dumb but not to rationalized hiding; (b) organizational identification mediated the influence of LMX on evasive hiding and playing dumb but not on rationalized hiding; and (c) relative LMX not only moderated the relationship between LMX and organizational identification but also reinforced the indirect effect of LMX on evasive hiding and playing dumb but not on rationalized hiding (via organizational identification). The implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.     

水解酸化-地下渗滤技术处理生活污水的工艺研究

为优化水解酸化-地下渗滤系统(Hydrolytic Acidifi-cation-Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System,HA-SWIS)工艺参数,提高分散式污水处理效果,通过控制HA水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)、搅拌速度、SWIS水力负荷(Hydraulic Load Rate,HLR)及干湿比,考察系统COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效果。由于温度控制在18～22℃,忽略温度对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP去除效果的影响。结果表明,随优化参数改变,HA-SWIS联合工艺去除污染物效果存在显著性差异(p <0. 05)。当HA搅拌速度为15 r/min、HRT为2 h时,SWIS的HLR为0. 08～0. 12 m3/(m2·d),干湿比为1∶1～2∶1时,联合工艺对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效率最高,分别为92. 0%、78. 6%、65%和92. 7%。该装置占地小,基建费用低,无需药剂投入,每吨水处理费用0. 46元/t,处理水质可回用,满足景观水要求(GB/T 18921—2002),适用于管网不完善地区。     

污泥焚烧项目环境监理钙硫比核算应用实践研究

在污泥焚烧项目环境监理过程中,通过核算钙硫摩尔比考察或佐证二氧化硫的去除能力及效果.根据钙硫比核算需要收集项目相关生产报表,并对污泥焚烧过程中的钙硫摩尔比进行核算.通过对钙硫比的合理性进行分析,进而考察污泥焚烧过程中二氧化硫产生情况及达标排放情况,提升环境监理工作深度.数据来源为企业实际生产报表,分析方法为钙硫元素摩尔量理论反应值、质量平衡、热量平衡.通过实际数据核算分析发现,污泥焚烧项目中的钙硫元素摩尔比明显低于理论设计值,污泥中硫在焚烧过程中转化成SO2的比例约为64.52%.     

循环冷却水高浓缩倍率处理技术在电厂的应用研究

随着淡水资源的日益紧缺,如何提高水资源的利用率以达到节约用水的目的引起更高的关注.基于河南某电厂循环冷却水浓缩倍率仅为2.0的现状,选取两种新型高效的水处理药剂(1号、2号).经试验研究确定处理效果更佳的1号药剂为选择药剂,并确定最佳投药量为8 mg/l.将1号药剂应用到实际工程中,循环水浓缩倍率提高至6.5以上,节省了大量的水资源,同时减少废水的排放量,为该电厂带来了良好的经济和环境效益,也为类似工程的建设提供一定的参考作用.     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.