FLOWING WATER RESOURCES1

Using data related to stream order and the morphological characteristics associated with streams of different discharge rates, an estimate of the river resources of the United States is made. The national totals are: 3,200,000 miles total length of rivers; 15,000 square miles of river surface; and 29 cubic miles of water stored in river channels. Using the same techniques, more exact estimates may be made for individual river basins. Suggestions are given for application of the techniques and river data in the management of water resources.     

AN EXAMINATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY RELATIONS FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: A key parameter in modeling two-phase flow phenomena is relative permeability. It is important to understand which variables influence relative permeability, especially since so few measurements of relative permeability have been made for typical contaminants at hazardous waste sites. This paper focuses on the effect of five variables on relative permeability: intrinsic permeability, pore-size distribution, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and wettability, by critically reviewing previously published relative permeability experiments. The wide variability in the functional relationship between relative permeability and saturation should be considered in attempts to model two-phase flow.     

RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure. The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.     

限流孔烟气采样器的研制及应用

介绍了限流孔烟气采样器的设计原理、主要技术指标、设计指标说明及采样器主要性能。通过测定ＳＯ２标准气体和比对试验，表明限流孔烟气采样器控制流量稳定，计量采气体积准确，应用结果满意。     

Impact of land-use types on nitrate concentration and δN in unconfined groundwater in rural areas of Korea

An understanding of the long-term changes in the nitrate contamination pattern of unconfined groundwater is critical to conservation of drinking water in rural areas supporting mixed land-use activities such as cropping, livestock farming, and residence. To examine the effect of different land-use activities on nitrate contamination, groundwater samples were collected monthly for 3 years (1997–1999) from 12 wells in rural areas with different land-use activities and analyzed for the concentrations and N isotopic ratios (δ¹⁵N) of nitrate. The characteristics of nitrate contamination clearly differed with land-use activities. The percentages of samples that had a nitrate concentration exceeding the national standard for drinking water (10 mg N L⁻¹) were 0, 23, 43, and 67% for the uncontaminated natural area, cropping area, cropping-livestock farming complex area, and residential area, respectively. The range of δ¹⁵N values was between +1.4 and +4.5‰ for groundwater nitrate from the uncontaminated natural area. In the cropping area, the δ¹⁵N values were slightly different with the type of fertilizer applied to fields in the vicinity of the well, and the values ranged between +8.7 and +14.4‰ for the compost-applied area and between +4.5 and +8.5‰ for the area where urea was applied with compost. The δ¹⁵N values of the cropping-livestock farming complex area ranged from +1.0 to +17.7‰, probably resulting from mixed contamination sources (inorganic fertilizer and livestock manure). The well located closest to the livestock feedlot had relatively higher δ¹⁵N values, with a range between +8.7 and +17.6‰. In the residential area, a higher δ¹⁵N (most frequently above +10‰) of nitrate suggested that the major source of contamination was effluent from leaky septic tanks. Our data showed that unconfined groundwater is susceptible to land-use activities above the aquifers, and the impacts of the activities could be more precisely inferred from long-term data on the concentration and δ¹⁵N of nitrate. By determining the impacts, more effective (specific to contamination sources) measures for preventing groundwater quality could be implemented.     

指标计算法在环境经济损益分析中的应用

以上海市江桥和闸北2座生活垃圾焚烧厂建设项目为例,采用指标计算法对这2家在不同选址区的建设项目环境经济损益进行了分析。结果表明：江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂项目具有较好的环境经济效益,其环保年净效益为670．69万元,效费比达到1．10。闸北生活垃圾焚烧厂项目的环保年净效益为－764．48万元,效费比为0．64,说明其环境污染控制方案存在明显的不经济性。江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂已投入建设。指标法为2个项目的环境经济损益分析提供了货币量化。     

对壳幔二元混合模型的讨论

壳幔二元混合模计算结果的意义是多解的。对该模型所获得的“壳幔比”,并不象一些研究者所认为并强调的那样具有定量意义。所以,将f_M视为岩浆形成时地幔物质直接参与的质量比是不正确的;实质上,它只能被用来定性地反映岩浆源区岩石的成熟程度。     

晋普山煤矿通风系统阻力测定与分析

矿井通风系统阻力测定是煤矿通风技术管理的重要内容,阻力的大小直接影响矿井的通风效果,笔者介绍了矿井通风阻力测定常用的几种方法,分别评述了其优缺点及适用条件,并根据晋普山煤矿通风系统实际情况,选用基点法对其通风阻力进行了测定,全面、准确地掌握了全矿井通风阻力分布情况,为今后进行通风系统调整,提供了有参考价值的基础数据资料。同时依据测定结果,对晋普山煤矿通风系统进行了合理分析。     

高邮地磁台加卸载响应比与江苏及邻近地区的地震预测

研究分析了高邮地磁台1980～2001年观测资料的加卸载响应比异常与江苏及邻近地区ML5.0以上地震之间的关系,提出了适用于高邮地磁台的地震分析预报参数,并对其内检预报效能进行了评价。     

钢筋混凝土界面的疲劳损伤

钢筋与混凝土界面的脱粘是钢筋混凝土材料与结构的主要失效形式之一。针对笔者建立的几何剪切筒模型和选取的常用实验加载方式 ,推导出循环荷载作用下钢筋与混凝土界面脱粘应力解析模型 ,借助断裂力学的基本理论 ,进一步研究和分析了界面疲劳脱粘速率及界面摩擦剪应力与循环加载次数的关系 ,同时考虑了泊松比对疲劳特性的影响 ,为混凝土结构的安全评估提供一个新思路。