不同碳源下缺氧/好氧连续流系统生物除磷效果及其机理

为了考察前期发现的以淀粉为唯一碳源、缺氧好氧生物脱氮系统对含多种有机物的废水中磷的脱除,在以淀粉为唯一碳源、已能稳定生物除磷(除磷率达72％)的缺氧好氧连续流生物脱氮系统中,改变进水碳源组成及浓度,测定了系统对磷去除的变化、分析了系统除磷与进水碳源的关系.结果 表明,在进水中淀粉浓度保持为400 mg·L-1(以COD...     

短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化强化脱氮工艺研究与应用进展

短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化（PD-A）工艺外加碳源和曝气成本较低、NO₂ ⁻生成稳定高效、总氮去除率高,并且可以减少温室气体N₂O的排放,是一种新型的生物脱氮工艺。现有关于PD-A的研究多以水质条件单一的模拟废水为对象,针对实际废水的研究尚少。分析了PD-A工艺的机制与特点,通过对比核心功能菌短程反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的最佳生长条件,并结合现有研究提出PD-A工艺运行的优化策略,继而分析了PD-A工艺在实际废水中的应用案例。结果表明,优化COD/NO₃ ⁻、接种不同结构的污泥和添加生物膜载体等有利于工艺高效稳定地运行;PD-A工艺在实际生活污水、养殖废水、高硝酸盐废水的处理中实现了较高的脱氮率,说明其处理实际废水具有可行性。最后,对PD-A工艺的发展进行展望,认为应以实际废水为处理对象,进一步研究系统内核心菌群的协同作用机制和混合生物脱氮调控方式,以提升工艺的稳定性及碳氮协同处理效率。

     

电解强化人工湿地对农村生活污水中氮磷的去除性能

采用电解强化-三级串联潜流人工湿地的组合工艺,深化处理农村生活污水中的氮、磷营养盐.探究了系统对农村生活污水中氮、磷的净化效果,测定了填料对磷的吸附贡献及其磷的形态,采用高通量测序的方法分析了基质微生物的群落结构.结果 表明:当水力负荷为0.30 m3·(m2·d)-1时,电解系统对TN、NH4+-N和TP去除率分别为...     

Preparation and performance of arsenate (V) adsorbents derived from concrete wastes

Solid adsorbent materials, prepared from waste cement powder and concrete sludge were assessed for removal of arsenic in the form of arsenic (As(V)) from water. All the materials exhibited arsenic removal capacity when added to distilled water containing 10–700 mg/L arsenic. The arsenic removal isotherms were expressed by the Langmuir type equations, and the highest removal capacity was observed for the adsorbent prepared from concrete sludge with heat treatment at 105 °C, the maximum removal capacity being 175 mg-As(V)/g. Based on changes in arsenic and calcium ion concentrations, and solution pH, the removal mechanism for arsenic was considered to involve the precipitation of calcium arsenate, Ca₃(AsO₄)₂. The enhanced removal of arsenic for the adsorbent prepared from concrete sludge with heat treatment was thought to reflect ion exchange by ettringite. The prepared adsorbents, derived from waste cement and concrete using simple procedures, may offer a cost effective approach for arsenic removal and clean-up of contaminated waters, especially in developing countries.     

考虑油滴碰撞聚结的斜板除油过程模拟

考虑离散油滴在油田废水除油过程中发生的油滴碰撞聚结现象,模拟得出斜板除油器内全部油滴的动态信息,用于斜板除油器除油效率的计算.对矩形同向流斜板除油过程的模拟研究表明:油滴的碰撞聚结会增加斜板除油的效率;当废水的原始含油浓度增大时,斜板除油的效率会增大,碰撞聚结对除油效率提高的影响也越大;废水流动速度提高及斜板的倾斜角度增加均会使斜板的除油效率降低,但此时油滴碰撞聚结对除油效率的影响仍很明显.     

Electrochemical remediation of copper (II) from an industrial effluent Part II: three-dimensional foam electrodes

A batch recycle removal of copper ions from an industrial effluent by means of copper foam cathodes was tested. A constant current of 750 A was applied to the cell in order to perform the reduction. Copper depletion was investigated at different solution flow rates and a removal greater than 98% was obtained with a flow rate of 1000 l/h. The influence of initial metal concentration on copper deposition and current efficiency is also discussed.     

SC菌剂对废水中Cu~(2 )去除的初步研究

用研制的SC菌剂作生物吸附剂 ,研究了其在不同菌铜比 ,pH、温度及作用时间条件下对Cu2 的去除效果。结果表明 ,在获得的最佳条件下 ,对不同Cu2 浓度的印刷电路板废水中Cu2 的去除效果明显 ,达 95 48%和 86 74%。     

A hybrid decision-making approach based on FCM and MOORA for occupational health and safety risk analysis

IntroductionWith the development of industries and increased diversity of their associated hazards, the importance of identifying these hazards and controlling the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks has also dramatically augmented. Currently, there is a serious need for a risk management system to identify and prioritize risks with the aim of providing corrective/preventive measures to minimize the negative consequences of OHS risks. In fact, this system can help the protection of employees’ health and reduction of organizational costs. Method: The present study proposes a hybrid decision-making approach based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), and Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) for assessing and prioritizing OHS risks. After identifying the risks and determining the values of the risk assessment criteria via the FMEA technique, the attempt is made to determine the weights of criteria based on their causal relationships through FCM and the hybrid learning algorithm. Then, the risk prioritization is carried out using the MOORA method based on the decision matrix (the output of the FMEA) and the weights of the criteria (the output of the FCM). Results: The results from the implementation of the proposed approach in a manufacturing company reveal that the score at issue can overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) in the conventional FMEA, including lack of assignment the different relative importance to the assessment criteria, inability to take into account other important management criteria, lack of consideration of causal relationships among criteria, and high dependence of the prioritization on the experts’ opinions, which finally provides a full and distinct risk prioritization.     

预氯化输水对表面停留性有机物及混凝除藻的影响

针对预氯化这一常用的预氧化方法,考察了表面停留性有机物(S-AOM)在这一过程中对铜绿微囊藻起到的关键作用。同时,探讨了表面停留性有机物及藻的氧化应激对混凝除藻效果的影响。结果表明,预氯化过程可实现适度预氯化的最佳氯投加量,适度预氯化可以在实现脱附S-AOM的同时不损伤藻细胞,强化后续混凝除藻的效果。此外,经过适度预氯化后的藻细胞在远程输水过程中可能会发生程序性死亡,胞内有机物不断泄漏,这仍会对水厂混凝除藻效果产生不利影响。因此,预氧化后藻细胞发生程序性死亡是预氯化强化混凝工艺需要考虑的关键因素。     

高指数晶面TiO2对铬的吸附及光催化去除

由工业生产引起的铬污染是环境领域面临的一大挑战.二氧化钛(TiO_2)材料因其吸附催化的双重作用在铬的去除方面具有潜在应用前景.利用溶剂热法合成高指数晶面TiO_2{201},对其进行SEM、TEM、XRD及XPS表征,并用于Cr(Ⅲ/Ⅵ)的吸附及Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,以达到从水体中去除铬的目的.所合成的TiO_2{201}为锐钛矿相,呈蒲公英状的层级结构. Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量分别为22. 7 mg·g-1和13. 2 mg·g-1,Freundlich模型拟合结果表明TiO_2{201}对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附均易于进行,其1/n均小于0. 5.在紫外光照条件下,TiO_2{201}作为光催化剂可将毒性较强且吸附去除效果较差的Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ),并以Cr(OH)3及Cr2O3的形式沉淀在TiO_2表面,XPS表征结果进一步证实了表面沉淀的存在.为探明TiO_2{201}光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机制,分别研究光生空穴淬灭剂(EDTA-2Na)和光生电子淬灭剂(KBr O3)对Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率的影响,证明Cr(Ⅵ)的还原是由光生电子引起.