沙尘天气对兰州市大气污染物置换和叠加作用

本文分析了2014~2015年兰州市春季沙尘天气期间颗粒污染物PM₁₀、PM_2.5及气态污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃质量浓度的演变规律.结果表明,沙尘天气造成PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度上升,而SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度表现为降低（置换型）或升高（叠加型）,O₃浓度受沙尘天气影响不明显.置换型的PM₁₀和PM_2.5平均质量浓度分别为1086.9和286μg/m³,SO₂、NO₂和CO平均质量浓度分别为16.7、41.0和1.02×103μg/m³.叠加型的PM₁₀和PM_2.5平均质量浓度分别为383.2和116.2μg/m³,SO₂、NO₂和CO平均质量浓度分别为24.5、49.1和1.19×103μg/m³.置换型的PM₁₀和PM_2.5平均质量浓度分别为叠加型的2.8和2.4倍,叠加型的SO₂、NO₂和CO平均质量浓度分别为置换型的1.47、1.2和1.17倍.置换型对应的气象条件为近地面东北方向大风、显著降温和高压,即强冷空气活动时,PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度上升,而SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度显著减小,沙尘源地主要为塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原北部地区,影响气流多为1500~6000m高空西北气流.叠加型则为近地面东北风向弱风,气温和气压无明显波动,即弱冷空气活动时,初期PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度上升,同时SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度略下降,而后PM₁₀和PM_2.5维持高值时SO₂、NO₂和CO浓度亦上升,沙尘源地主要为巴丹吉林沙漠,影响气流多为1500m以下低空西北气流.     

潮土中阿特拉津解吸滞后特征

采用批量动态实验方法,研究了阿特拉津初始浓度与解吸时间对潮土中阿特拉津解吸滞后特征的影响.结果表明:土壤溶液中阿特拉津的浓度随其解吸时间的增加而逐渐下降,二者间可用经验指数公式表达.阿特拉津连续解吸5d后,阿特拉津的初始浓度从50μg·L^-1增加到2 000μg·L^-1时,对应解吸率分别为23.1%、30.4%、33.0%、36.4%和38.5%.土壤吸附阿特拉津与对应土壤溶液中阿特拉津浓度关系可用传统和依时解吸等温线2种方式描述.无论传统还是依时解吸等温线都与吸附进行到168h的吸附等温线之间存在着解吸的滞后现象.传统和依时Freundlich解吸等温线参数能对吸附解吸等温线的滞后作用进行量化,滞后系数ω只适合传统解吸等温线的滞后量化,而滞后系数H和λ对2类解吸等温线都适用.     

Hydrological adjustment and flooding control of wetlands in the Liaohe Delta

The function of estuary wetland on hydrological adjustment and flooding control is studied in this paper,It is estimated that the evapotranspiration in reed field during growth season(June to October)is 722.9 mm,which is 37.5% igher than large water body(E601:525.9mm).The water replacement rate in the reed field can reach 95% only when the rains continously for 11 days and the precipitation reached 912mm.For the water balance in the paddy field ,the total water requirement ranges between 1920 and 1860 mm,among which,31% is from precipitation,and the left is provided by reseroirs.The water usage efficiency is 0.35% at present productivity.Based on the landscape storage area;flooding discharge area;flood diversion area in emergency;and flood control drainage area.     

低分子量有机酸影响可变电荷土壤吸附铜的机制

采用平衡实验法研究了水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸对砖红壤吸附铜的影响,并通过吸附铜的解吸实验探讨了有机酸对铜吸附的影响机制.结果表明,有机酸可以增加土壤对铜的吸附量,与对照相比,有机酸体系中吸附的铜的解吸量高.有机酸对铜吸附的影响随体系pH值的增加而增大,约在pH4.3(水杨酸体系)或pH4.5(邻苯二甲酸体系)达最大,然后逐渐减小.土壤对有机酸的吸附量越高,有机酸对铜吸附的影响程度越大.有机酸可以通过形成表面三元络合物和改变土壤的表面电荷2种机制影响土壤对铜的吸附.水杨酸体系中铜的解吸增量与吸附增量的百分比在76%～89%之间,说明水杨酸主要是通过增加土壤表面的净负电荷量来增加铜的静电吸附量.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr（Ⅲ）

Loofa sponge （LS） immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana （LSIBCS）, isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana （FBCS） from 10-300 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr（Ⅲ） ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr（Ⅲ） biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr（Ⅲ） could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order： EDTA 〉 H2SO4 〉 CH3COOH 〉 HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr（Ⅲ） binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from wastewater.     

湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附-解吸作用

应用平衡法研究硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,湿地土壤对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,其吸附行为可以用Linear和Freundlich型吸附等温式描述,不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附和解吸能力有所不同.将吸附常数Kf与湿地土壤的理化性质进行相关性分析表明,土壤有机质含量与硝基苯吸附系数显著相关(r=0.888,P<0.01,n=7),其中泥炭沼泽土表层有机质含量最高,其吸附系数也最大(86.44 mg·kg-1).硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附自由能变化量为10.68～13.45 kJ·mol-1,表明其吸附以物理吸附为主.不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的解吸能力也有一定的差别,其中草甸白浆土的解吸率最大(41.87%),泥炭沼泽土表层解吸率最小(11.79%).     

用于气相色谱分析的样品导入技术及其应用

综述了几种用于气相色谱分析的绿色环保型样品导入技术,如静态顶空技术、吹扫捕集技术、固相微萃取技术和热脱附技术的原理及应用情况,并对这几种方法进行了比较。     

深圳市宝安区环境空气有机污染现状研究

采用热脱附和气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了深圳市宝安区环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成,从中鉴定出18种有机化合物,并通过对其中5种苯系物的定量分析结果,讨论了宝安区环境空气有机污染状况。