尤溪群众性森林资源保护"三防"体系建设浅议

集体林权制度改革后,尤溪林业呈现经营主体多元化、经营形式多样化、林权结构分散化的新格局。如何切实有效地解决森林资源保护"三防"难的问题,是尤溪现代林业发展所面临的现实问题。根据"民办、民营、民监督、民受益"的原则,尤溪在全县集体和个体私人林权所有者自愿组合、自定章程、自收会费、自主管理、互惠互利的前提下,于2003年在福建省率先成立了护林防火、联防联治森林病虫害,防止盗砍滥伐林木的群众性"三防"协会,构建了森林资源保护长效新机制。本文论述了尤溪森林资源保护"三防"体系的成立背景、组建形式、重要作用,提出了今后"三防"体系建设的一些建议。     

伊犁河谷生态旅游形象定位及产品设计

生态旅游资源是生态旅游开发的基础,但拥有旅游资源并不等于就拥有旅游产品,旅游资源要成为旅游产品,还必须根据市场需求进行形象设计、加工和再创造。伊犁河谷具有得天独厚的生态环境和世所罕见的生物多样性特征,是开发生态旅游产品、发展生态旅游的理想之地。以伊犁河谷生态旅游源为基础,塑造伊犁河谷生态旅游形象,设计开发特色生态旅游产品。     

基于相对资源承载力的可持续发展问题研究——以河北省为例

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法,分别计算出1996—2005年河北省土地资源、经济资源的相对承载力和综合承载力,并分析了其动态变化过程。研究表明:①河北省综合承载力一直处于超载状态,经济资源承载力于2004年后呈现富余状态,经济资源成为河北省的主要承载资源;②与环渤海的其它4省市相比,相对土地资源承载力处于富余状态,相对经济资源承载力处于超载状态;③河北省内11个地市相对资源承载力存在着地区差异。通过河北省相对承载力方面的研究,提出了河北省实现可持续发展的对策与建议。     

经济增长方式转变与节约利用土地研究

在当前努力实现经济增长方式转变的过程中,经济方式的转变与节约利用土地资源的关系有待探讨。经济增长方式的本质内容是生产要素的组合和使用方式。转变经济增长方式,即从依靠生产要素的数量扩张而实现的粗放型经济增长,转变为依靠生产要素的效率提高而实现的集约型经济增长[1]。土地作为社会经济发展的重要要素之一,对土地资源的节约利用是实现集约型经济增长的重要内容之一,同时节约利用土地资源对经济增长方式的转变起着重要的促进作用。     

Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent, rapidly urbanizing region

Groundwater overdraft is a resource management issue that poses a threat for the security of communities. Impacts of groundwater overdraft are influenced by the biophysical and social contexts of water management. This paper presents a method for assessing vulnerability to water scarcity in spatial terms using biophysical and social indicators. A geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability based upon hydrologic variability in water resource availability within a groundwater basin, three types of water management systems, and 10 sociodemographic characteristics. Our study area is in the rapidly urbanizing Arizona Central Highlands, located 150 km north of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Results indicate that the most biophysically vulnerable places do not necessarily intersect with the most vulnerable populations and that local differences in vulnerability are interrelated, rather than independent, outcomes in a process of socioenvironmental transformation. Vulnerability is influenced by laws that deny access to local surface waters and lead to dependence on fossil groundwater, and by economic reliance on urbanization. Localities attempt to reduce vulnerability through the development of community water systems and the expansion of water frontiers. While such strategies may reduce local vulnerability, they are not sustainable solutions because they transfer risks to other places, and thus contribute to vulnerability elsewhere.     

低温季节生物栅对富营养化河水净化试验研究

文章介绍和分析了低温季节不同工况条件下生物栅净化池对富营养化河水的处理效果。结果表明,11月中旬到12月底期间,江南地区的气温和河道水温都较低,生物栅池中水生植物(水花生)处于休眠和枯死阶段,生物膜上微生物活性也较低,因此河水在池中的净化主要由过滤、沉淀和吸附等物化作用完成的,停留时间为10h时生物栅池对河水中COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率为16.7%～38.8%、30.0%～41.7%、14.1%～35.0%和15.4%～44.4%。随着气温和水温的进一步降低(A阶段到B阶段),河水中污染物的去除率也逐渐下降(下降幅度为2%～10%),低温导致污染物沉淀和吸附速度及生物膜活性降低可能是其中的主要原因。低温季节富营养化河水的DO含量较高,温度越低,填料类型、曝气与否、植物有无对污染物去除率的影响也越小。     

结合生态需水的黄河水资源水质水量联合评价

在分析河水满足人类用水和河道生态功能需水双重功能的前提下,提出了河水生态功能强度的概念,以及结合生态需水的流域水资源数量与质量联合评价的方法.根据黄河流域1997-1999年间主要水文站点逐月的水质监测数据、水文数据及各取水口逐月的取水量数据,结合生态需水对黄河流域的水资源进行了水质水量综合评价.结果表明,河水生态功能强度的时空分布不均,这与水量和水质的时空分布相关.在1997、1998和1999年,黄河总可利用水资源量分别为371.17×108、425.50×108和500.64×10 m3,其中具备河道生态功能的水资源量分别为129.51×108、151.51×108和205.88×108m3,远远小于维持河道生态系统健康所需的水资源量230.60×108m3,导致了黄河断流和其它生态环境问题的出现.     

造纸黑液处理与多糖资源分级利用研究——分离条件对多糖含量的影响

草浆造纸黑液中含有丰富的聚糖资源,对其中低聚糖进行提取与纯化也是获得功能性低聚糖经济、有效的途径.本文提出了在分离木素的同时,最大限度回收多糖资源的工艺路线,并探讨了pH值、温度、陈放时间等对分离液中多糖含量的影响规律.在酸析黑液pH为4.0～5.0,65～70 ℃并陈化3～4 h的条件下,可从黑液固含量为49.87 g/L的麦草浆中回收多糖7.43 g/L;稻草浆中回收多糖4.91 g/L.这可为草浆造纸黑液的资源多级利用提供技术支撑.     

Groundwater resources at risk in the glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara in Rovaniemi area, Northern Finland

The best groundwater resources in Finland are generally situated in glaciofluvial formations with thick sand and gravel deposits. The glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara, in northern Finland near the town of Rovaniemi, is important for both its groundwater reserves and its sand and gravel resources. The groundwater and mineral resources of Jokkavaara was studied to define their quantity and quality, and to develop a land-use plan which would help civil servants of the municipality to make the decisions necessary for exploiting sand and gravel. The land-use plan shows the areas where exploiting mineral resources is not allowed or recommended because of the risks of contamination of groundwater, or because of injurious effects on the environment caused by noise and dust from gravel pits, or by spoilt landscape. The size of Jokkavaara is 5 km2, and its mineral resources are about 53 million cubic metres. The sand and gravel deposits are at the most, 50 m thick. Risks of contamination by fallout are small, due to the thick sand and gravel deposits above groundwater level. Exploiting mineral resources have no effect on groundwater quality either. By the land-use plan and legislation, good groundwater can also be protected in the future. Legislation limits the exploitation of mineral resources especially in groundwater areas.     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.