提高法律地位 强化征收力度 ——谈排污费费改税的必要性

阐述了我国排污收费制度的现状和发展趋势,针对当前排污费征收工作中遇到的问题,提出了排污费费改税的必要性。指出,在我国实行排污费费改税的条件已经具备,应当把排污收费制度的改革提高到作为我国社会经济可持续发展长期战略的一个组成部分的高度来认识和考虑。     

长三角区域一体化的环境效应研究进展

长三角区域一体化的环境效应研究对于资源节约和环境友好型社会的建立和长三角区域整体竞争实力的提升具有重要意义。总结当前该领域研究在理论、方法等方面取得最新进展的基础上,指出当前研究的薄弱环节,并展望未来的研究方向。研究表明：目前长三角区域一体化的环境问题受到普遍关注,已从经济空间格局变化、产业集聚发展与污染转移、人口增长压力及外商直接投资增长等多个方面对长三角区域一体化的环境影响机理和效应进行分析,并从区域环保合作（环保一体化）、区域生态补偿及环保规制等方面探讨解决长三角区域一体化环境效应的途径。在研究方法上,以计量经济学模型和采用ArcGIS空间分区为主的定量分析方法开始应用于长三角区域一体化的环境问题变量的识别及基于环境约束的一体化空间优化格局。当前的研究尚未形成体系,理论研究欠缺,方法应用有限。从发展趋势看,今后基于区域一体化的环境效应的机理研究有待深入,多学科融合、新技术方法的应用将得到加强     

三峡库区面源污染现状与对策研究

三峡库区生态环境脆弱，坡耕地垂直分布明显，耕地利用方式不合理，库区耕地环境质量较差。水土流失严重。库区沿江工厂星落棋布，落后的生产工艺和小规模生产，使大量废水没经处理直接排放到库区各大河流。虽然目前长江流域水体的自净作用能将污水稀释，但随着三峡大坝的正式蓄水，部分区域水体污染将不可避免。通过对库区部分区域水体近几年的连续监测，水体总P、非离子氨、CODcr等指标有恶化趋势。库区土壤重金属监测结果表明，土壤重金属Cd、As含量明显增加，并且远大于当地土壤背景值。库区农畜产品蔬菜、茶叶、鱼Pb、Cd超标较严重。土壤N、P流失率较高。有效防止库区面源污染的对策一方面是控制工业点源、线源污染造成的面源污染．另一方面是控制农业自身造成的面源污染。主要措施有：加强库区环境管理和环保宣传力度；建立沿江生物隔离带；加强土地管理，加大农业工程投入，合理利用土地；大力提倡水土保持耕作法；扩大森林覆盖率，建立坡地立体复合农业生态系统：建立面源污染预警系统。     

太湖流域非点源污染研究与控制

分析了太湖流域主要非点源污染类型与现状,指出在完成对点源污染的控制以后,非点源污染将成为该区域环境状况改善的主要限制因子。认为太源流域主要类型非点源污染来源于：农业、林业、养殖业（畜、禽、水产）的非点源负荷,城镇化建设、现代交通、农村居民用地的地表径流,城镇农村生活污水的排放等;定性地论述了非点源污染形成的主要途径。进一步讨论了太湖流域非点源污染研究动态、存在的问题及其发展趋向,就目前太湖流域非点源污染的研究与控制进行了探讨,太湖流域非点源污染的研究需要将环境水文学、生态系统生态学结合起来,同时运用先进技术进行全面动态评估;同时有针对性地讨论了不同类型非点源污染的防治措施。     

区域可持续发展生态评估的能值分析研究进展与展望

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一，能值分析以能量为单位定量评估人类生态经济系统中各种生态流的可持续性，是一个重要的研究方向。尽管能值分析定量评价了自然环境资源对人类生态经济系统的贡献．克服了传统能量与经济分析方法的诸多缺憾，但在理论方法上仍存在不足之处。综合国内外区域能值分析的最新进展。能值转换率的确定、能值分析与空阃格局分析的整合、能值成本价值论与市场（使用）价值论的整合、可持续性阈值等问题将是下一步的研究重点。     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

生化恐怖威胁谱系研究进展

评述国内外生化恐怖威胁谱系研究现状;从基于综合因素、基于使用可能、基于杀伤破坏能力和基于袭击主体等方面对生化恐怖威胁源的分类体系和威胁清单进行归纳与梳理;建立了以易得性、毒害性、可用性和防护性为主要评价指标的生化恐怖威胁源评估体系;对进一步开展生化恐怖威胁谱系研究提出了若干建议和思考。研究表明:生化恐怖威胁谱系是一个动态的复杂概念集合,科学地确定评价指标、深入开展生化恐怖威胁谱系研究对于鉴别生化恐怖威胁源及建设反生化恐怖技术能力意义重大。     

国内外生态足迹研究进展

在可持续发展的定量研究中,生态足迹形象地反映了人类经济活动对环境影响的程度,对地区可持续发展的决策具有一定的指导意义。本文阐述了：（1）生态足迹的理论背景、相关概念、计算方法以及与能值分析法、产品生命周期法和投入产出法等综合应用的趋势;（2）生态足迹在全球、国家、地区尺度上的研究成果,以及在国际贸易、能源、旅游、交通、饮食等领域的应用进展;（3）土地互斥假设、全球面积单位、等效因子取值以及研究尺度方面的局限性。最后,本文指出了在多指标整合、污染影响分析和家庭消费尺度研究等方面的研究趋势。     

Skewed Riskscapes and Environmental Injustice: A Case Study of Metropolitan St. Louis

This article presents a case study of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) air pollution exposure risks across metropolitan St. Louis. The first section critically reviews environmental justice research and related barriers to environmental risk management. Second, the paper offers a conventional analysis of the spatial patterns of TRI facilities and their surrounding census block group demographics for metropolitan St. Louis. Third, the article describes the use of an exposure risk characterization for 319 manufacturers and their air releases of more than 126 toxic pollutants. This information could lead to more practical resolutions of urban environmental injustices. The analysis of TRIs across metropolitan St. Louis shows that minority and low-income residents were disproportionately closer to industrial pollution sources at nonrandom significance levels. Spatial concentrations of minority residents averaged nearly 40% within one kilometer of St. Louis TRI sites compared to 25% elsewhere. However, one-fifth of the region's air pollution exposure risk over a decade was spatially concentrated among only six facilities on the southwestern border of East St. Louis. This disproportionate concentration of some of the greatest pollution risk would never be considered in most conventional environmental justice analyses. Not all pollution exposure risk is average, and the worst risks deserve more attention from environmental managers assessing and mitigating environmental injustices.