潜流式湿地系统停留时间分布实验结果分析

鉴于水力停留时间对人工湿地系统处理效果和构建设计的重要性,通过示踪实验测定了潜流式湿地系统的停留时间分布,结合反应器理论,对实验测定的不同进水流量范围的停留时间响应结果,分别以多釜串联模型以及移位正态分布函数进行拟合,并进一步对系统的水力平均停留时间、系统的流动形态以及非理想性进行了分析和讨论,为湿地系统的水力学优化设计和实际运行提供理论基础和技术参数.     

真菌滤塔启动及降解甲苯能力研究

生物法对于处理挥发性有机废气是一种经济和环境友好的处理工艺。研究在酸性条件下处理含甲苯气体,考察在不同进气浓度和入口负荷下真菌滤塔降解甲苯的能力。实验选用处理焦化废水的污泥作为真菌菌源,采用高浓度气态挂膜法,启动周期为12天,在pH=5的条件下运行2个月,以NO3--N为氮源能很好地去除高负荷甲苯气体,并且可以长期稳定高效运行。     

Hydrologic Impact Assessment of Land Cover Change and Stormwater Management Using the Hydrologic Footprint Residence

Urbanization impacts the stormwater regime through increased runoff volumes and velocities. Detention ponds and low impact development (LID) strategies may be implemented to control stormwater runoff. Typically, mitigation strategies are designed to maintain postdevelopment peak flows at predevelopment levels for a set of design storms. Peak flow does not capture the extent of changes to the hydrologic flow regime, and the hydrologic footprint residence (HFR) was developed to calculate the area and duration of inundated land during a storm. This study couples a cellular automata land cover change model with a hydrologic and hydraulic framework to generate spatial projections of future development on the fringe of a rapidly urbanizing metropolitan area. The hydrologic flow regime is characterized for existing and projected land cover patterns under detention pond and LID‐based control, using the HFR and peak flow values. Results demonstrate that for less intense and frequent rainfall events, LID solutions are better with respect to HFR; for larger storms, detention pond strategies perform better with respect to HFR and peak flow.     

Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia)

The Alpine stations Zugspitze, Hohenpeissenberg, Sonnblick, Jungfraujoch and Mt. Krvavec contribute to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The aim of GAW is the surveillance of the large-scale chemical composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the detection of air pollutant transport from regional sources is of particular interest. In this paper, the origin of NO_x (measured with a photo-converter), CO and O₃ at the four Alpine GAW stations is studied by trajectory residence time statistics. Although these methods originated during the early 1980s, no comprehensive study of different atmospheric trace gases measured simultaneously at several background observatories in the Alps was conducted up to present.The main NO_x source regions detected by the trajectory statistics are the northwest of Europe and the region covering East Germany, Czech Republic and southeast Poland, whereas the main CO source areas are the central, north eastern and eastern parts of Europe with some gradient from low to high latitudes. Subsiding air masses from west and southwest are relatively poor in NO_x and CO.The statistics for ozone show strong seasonal effects. Near ground air masses are poor in ozone in winter but rich in ozone in summer. The main source for high ozone concentration in winter is air masses that subside from higher elevations, often enhanced by foehn effects at Hohenpeissenberg. During summer, the Mediterranean constitutes an important additional source for high ozone concentrations.Especially during winter, large differences between Hohenpeissenberg and the higher elevated stations are found. Hohenpeissenberg is frequently within the inversion, whereas the higher elevated stations are above the inversion.Jungfraujoch is the only station where the statistics detect an influence of air rich in CO and NO_x from the Po Basin.     

生态小区建设与环境影响评价

阐述了生态住宅小区的概念和特征、发展要求，以及环境影响评价概念、范围、主要环境问题及污染防治分析，提出环境影响评价存在的和有待完善的问题，指出引导开发与可持续发展相适应的绿色住宅产业，已成为当代环境影响评价工作者不可推卸的责任。     

Small but smart: the interaction between environmental cues and internal state modulates host-patch exploitation in a parasitic wasp

The reproductive success of insect parasitoids depends on two activities, searching for hosts to obtain immediate fitness rewards (offspring) and searching for food to extend life span and enhance future reproductive opportunities. Models suggest that to deal with this trade-off and to cope with the variability of the resources they depend on, parasitoids should simultaneously integrate information originating from three distinct sources: host and food availabilities in the environment (environmental information) and the metabolic reserves of the parasitoid (internal information). We tested whether, in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens, these three types of information are perceived simultaneously and interact during host-patch exploitation. Experiments were performed with strains originating from two different geographical locations and with individuals of the two reproductive modes, arrhenotoky and thelytoky. We hypothesised that there would be differences between modes of reproduction as they thrive in different ecological conditions. Our results show that metabolic state, food availability and the number of ovipositions performed simultaneously modulate patch residence time in V. canescens of both populations and reproductive modes. Unfed wasps left their host patch earlier than fed ones. The tendency to leave the patch increased with an increasing probability of finding food. Our study confirms that globally, each oviposition increases the patch-leaving tendency (decremental mechanism). This effect was modulated by both the metabolic reserves and food availability, and the relationship depended on the geographic origin of populations. Individuals of one of the populations switched from a decremental to an incremental patch-leaving mechanism depending on the presence or absence of food in the vicinity. Differences between reproductive modes in the responses to environmental cues can be explained by the different ecological conditions they live in.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

人工湿地水力停留时间分布模拟

将人工湿地视为在纵向分散活塞流反应器（PFD）的主流道上并联一个n级串联完全混合反应器（CSTRs）所组成的系统.在这一物理概念的基础上,推导了模拟人工湿地水力停留时间分布（RTD）的CSTRs＋PFD并联模型.模型所包含的4个参数（串联CSTRs个数n,串联CSTRs容积占系统总容积的百分数z,进入串联CSTRs的流量占总流量百分数f,PFD的分散数D）对RTD的峰值时间、峰值高度、平均停留时间、停留时间分布方差具有良好的调节作用.与传统模型相比,该模型能更准确地反映不同人工湿地的特征水流规律.模型采用基于流量的无量纲时间变量,可应用于非稳态变流量下人工湿地RTD的模拟.用前期示踪剂试验所获得的5条水平潜流人工湿地的RTDs对该模型进行验证,当这4个参数取值为z=0.41、f=0.57、n=3、D=0.667时,该模型计算所得RTD与实测RTDs拟合程度良好,较传统PFD或CSTRs模型能更好地反映该人工湿地RTD早期高峰、峰值集中、尾部倾斜拖长的流态特征.     

2000~2010年大鹏湾颗粒有机物的年变化和年际变化

依据2000～2010年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了大鹏湾中颗粒有机物(particulate organic matter,POM)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)实测数据探讨POM的组成和滞留时间.结果表明,大鹏湾的水动力条件对POM的分布变化影响不大,POM质量浓度为(1.1±0.8)mg·L-1,与珠江口伶仃洋和大亚湾的差别不大,但比南海北部的高.在表层,POM与Chl-a之间存在显著正相关,浮游植物有机物(phytoplankton POM,PPOM)∶Chl-a比率为70 g·g-1左右,由此估算的大鹏湾PPOM质量浓度为(0.31±0.39)mg·L-1,约占POM的28%.由初级生产力(primary productivity,PP)和累计POM(integrated POM,IPOM)估算的大鹏湾中POM的滞留时间约为6.5 d,与东海南部沿岸陆架区POC的相近.11 a调查期间,PP的年际变化略呈下降趋势,而POM和IPOM的年际变化呈较明显的上升趋势,暗示难降解的碎屑POM在大鹏湾中逐渐积累.     

氯盐对含汞土壤热脱附的影响

采用管式电阻炉对不同氯盐调理的含汞土壤进行热脱附实验,研究氯盐种类和炉温等对汞脱除效果的影响,分别从汞脱除率、热重测试和XRD汞形态分析3个方面进行评价。结果表明,不同温度下添加氯盐均对汞脱除率有明显提升。230℃时,添加氯化铁、氯化镁和氯化钙调理相比对照组(不添加氯盐),汞脱除率分别提升66.2%、49.3%和15.8%,即促进效果:FeCl3>MgCl2>CaCl2。在300℃下加热25 min时,添加氯化铁调理的汞脱除率为96.1~96.2%,与对照组相比,最高提升了68.3%。热重测试结果显示,载气对汞的挥发影响较小,湿法投加氯盐效果比干法投加更明显。炉尾晶体XRD分析结果表明,在低温条件下氯盐促进样品中汞向氯化汞转变从而提高了汞脱除率。添加氯盐调理提高了汞脱除率,同时缩短了汞热脱附达到稳定的时间。