抗灾减灾效益估计方法探讨

从综合角度阐述减灾效益的概念,进而以减灾效益内容为基础,提出了估计减灾效益的方法。     

中空纤维微滤膜污染及阻力分析

选用0.1μm的PVDF中空纤维内压式微滤膜组件,在死端微滤工况下,研究了酵母(平均粒径5.3 μm)和高岭土(平均粒径0.7μm)体系在浓度和压力变化时的污染机理及过滤阻力、膜渗透通量的变化规律性.通过恒压堵塞定律积分式的具体形式与实验数据的拟合及根据堵塞过滤定律计算的结果都表明:死端微滤时,酵母体系和高岭土体系均符合滤饼过滤机理.     

溶解氧对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥技术是一种新颖废水处理技术。溶解氧(DO)是好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行的一个重要参数。好氧颗粒污泥需要的曝气量大,能耗高。高曝气量带来的高DO浓度不利于氨氮通过SND去除。当DO扩散在颗粒内部受到限制时,颗粒中心形成的厌氧层不利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行。本文系统分析了DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥影响的国内外研究现状,对好氧颗粒污泥中DO浓度这一重要参数的研究进行了总结。研究在低DO浓度下保持好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性有利于降低运行成本,采取合适的方法降低颗粒内部的扩散限制有利于增强颗粒的稳定性能。     

分子生物学技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

利用现代分子生物学技术对微生物进行分析和研究,以解决传统微生物分析成本高、速度慢、准确度较低和灵敏度较差等缺点。介绍分子生物学技术在水处理中的应用现状,并对未来发展方向提出建议。目前分子生物学技术在供水工程中主要用于水中细菌、病毒、原生动物、蠕虫等病原微生物的快速检测以及管网微生物种群的分析,在污水处理中主要用于脱氮除磷过程菌群数量和空间分布的剖析、污泥膨胀成因分析以及监测微生物种群多样性来优化处理工艺。分子生物学技术的深入研究将进一步促进水行业的发展。     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

环保多功能沥青除冰路面一体化设计研究

依托湖北杭瑞高速公路工程,为降低沿线行车通过居民区带来的噪音污染,解决冬季路面积雪薄冰带来的行车安全问题,以具有一定结构除冰性能的高连通孔隙沥青路面材料为基体,选用橡胶高黏度改性沥青,并掺入环保型化学抑冰剂,开发设计具有除冰、降噪、抗滑功能材料路面。以不牺牲路用性能为前提,通过测试动稳定度、冻融劈裂强度比、飞散损失、抗剪强度等,确定环保型化学抑冰剂的掺量。同时利用驻波管法、手工铺砂法及轮碾法测定空隙率分别为16%、20%、24%、28%的路面材料除冰性能、降噪性能和抗滑性能。测试结果表明,当环保型融雪除冰剂的掺量为2%,空隙率控制在20%左右时,高连通孔隙沥青材料的路面使用性能最佳,具有较好的除冰性能、降噪性能和抗滑性能。     

基于SVM的矿井通风阻力系数影响因素分析与预测

矿井通风阻力系数是通风安全最重要的基础参数之一,为了实现矿井通风阻力系数简单准确地预测,提出了利用支持向量机（SVM）来预测矿井通风阻力系数的方法。通过分析影响因子与矿井通风阻力系数的相关性关系,并利用MATLAB逐步建立单影响因素与矿井通风阻力系数、多影响因素与矿井通风阻力系数之间的SVM预测模型,对比分析各预测模型的相对误差,确定最佳矿井通风阻力系数预测模型,即当输入模型影响因素为巷道断面积、周长和支护方式时,预测相对误差小于10%的样本数占测试样本的76%,相对误差小于20%的样本数占测试样本的90%。结果表明:该预测方法在矿井通风阻力系数预测中是可行的,并具较高的准确性。     

The role of interactions between individual animals in the response to heat stress in the freshwater crustacean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>

The thermal resistance of Daphnia magna Straus is a trait depending on the interaction between individuals. The group effect is expressed in D. magna as both a decrease in thermal resistance and a marked individual differentiation with respect to thermal resistance. Two types of interactions between individual D. magna have been found: (1) the release of an unidentified factor decreasing thermal resistance (without noticeably changing the phenotypic variability of this trait) into the medium and (2) a decrease in the thermal resistance of individuals poorly adapted to heat stress, with the thermal resistance of well-adapted individuals (determined by the dependence of thermal resistance on interactions between individuals) remaining the same or even slightly increasing.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinnikova, Krasnoperova, T. Gainutdinov, Sadykova, M. Gainutdinov.     

农业灌溉用水经济价值及其影响因素——基于剩余价值法和陕西关中地区农户调研数据

灌溉水经济价值是农业用水定价的重要基础。根据陕西关中地区农户调研数据,采用剩余价值法计算得到小麦、玉米和苹果灌溉水经济价值均值分别为0.66 元/m³、0.84 元/m³、3.17 元/m³。以该结果作为水价调整上限与现状水价比较,小麦和玉米的水价上调空间介于0.24~0.71元/m³,苹果的水价调整空间介于2.72~3.04 元/m³之间。使用分位数模型对影响因素的研究发现：（1）仅在灌溉水经济价值较低时,农户和家庭特征以及土地分散程度有显著影响;（2）在灌溉水经济价值较高时,增强农户节水意识以及加入用水者协会将能有效提升灌溉用水经济价值;（3）粮食转为经济作物、进行农业水价综合改革在所有分位点上均呈显著正向影响。本文可为研究区域农业用水分类定价及改善用水效率提供参考。     

Method of Testing the Penetration of Acid Solutions Through Safety Gloves

Because they cause burns that are difficult to heal, acids are dangerous, and steps should be taken to ensure that the human skin does not come into contact with them. For this purpose safety gloves are generally used by workers who have to handle acids. Such gloves need to be tested to ensure that they are acid resistant. Standard EN 374 (European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1993c) specifies a method of testing the permeation of liquid chemicals, on a molecular level, through glove material, but it may be difficult to ensure the fitness of the joints of a two-compartment cell, when gloves are lined with jersey. To deal with this a simple pH-meter method to test the permeation of acid and alkali solutions through safety gloves has been developed. The permeation of H₂S0₄, HCI, HN0₃, and CH₃COOH through gloves made from neoprene, nitrile, and PVC was tested. This method seems to be simple and economical.