填料型A2/O工艺污水处理及反硝化除磷效能

填料型A~2/O工艺是在A~2/O工艺的基础上通过向厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池中投加醛化纤维式组合填料,将传统活性污泥法与生物膜法相结合组成一套脱氮除磷的新系统,文章对填料型A~2/O工艺与传统A~2/O工艺处理生活污水的效果进行了对比研究,以及对该复合式工艺在不同硝化液回流比下反硝化除磷能力进行了分析.研究结果表明,相同条件下,填料型A~2/O工艺对生活污水的处理效果要优于传统A~2/O工艺,分别使COD和氨氮的去除率达到92.5%和93.1%.试验通过增加硝化液回流比的措施使得反硝化聚磷菌在填料上富集程度增大,当硝化液回流比为300%时,缺氧池的NO-3-N浓度为3.03 mg·L~(-1),吸磷量最大为26.28 mg·L~(-1),胞内聚合物PHB代谢活性最好,利用率最高为1.32 g·g~(-1)·L~(-1).体现了填料型A~2/O工艺具有显著的反硝化除磷效果.     

Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products

With the objective of reducing the large uncertainties in the estimations of emissions from crop residue open burning, an improved method for establishing emission inventories of crop residue open burning at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° and a temporal resolution of1 month was established based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) Thermal Anomalies/Fire Daily Level3 Global Product(MOD/MYD14A1). Agriculture mechanization ratios and regional crop-specific grain-to-straw ratios were introduced to improve the accuracy of related activity data. Locally observed emission factors were used to calculate the primary pollutant emissions. MODIS satellite data were modified by combining them with county-level agricultural statistical data, which reduced the influence of missing fire counts caused by their small size and cloud cover. The annual emissions of CO_2, CO, CH_4,nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), N_2O, NO_x, NH_3, SO_2, fine particles(PM2.5),organic carbon(OC), and black carbon(BC) were 150.40, 6.70, 0.51, 0.88, 0.01, 0.13, 0.07, 0.43,1.09, 0.34, and 0.06 Tg, respectively, in 2012. Crop residue open burning emissions displayed typical seasonal and spatial variation. The highest emission regions were the Yellow-Huai River and Yangtse-Huai River areas, and the monthly emissions were highest in June(37%).Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of within ±126% for N_2O to a high of within ± 169% for NH_3.     

闽江水利工程引起的水文环境灾(危)害浅析

闽江干一支流众多水利工程的建成和运营,显著地影响和改变了闽江干一支流河流的水动力场和水化学场的时空状态,导致其纳污量(强度)、稀释扩散净化能力、水化学成分和水体质量等水文环境参数发生变化,引起水文环境灾(危)害问题日益突出.本文概述了闽江干一支流点源污染及面源污染程度和时空状态及其与水利工程建设运营的关系,同时以水口水...     

震前小震调制比空间异常消失的映震能力研究

利用小震调制比方法的时空异常进行跟踪分析,通过对比发现,近几年震前小震调制比的空间异常变化与有感地震的发生具有一定的对应关系.进一步的分析研究认为,利用震前小震调制比的空间异常消失可进行有感地震甚至中强地震的地点预测.     

稀释倍数影响BOD测定结果机理的探讨

本文探讨了稀释倍数影响BOD测定结果的生化机理.研究结果表明,稀释倍数不同所引起的BOD测定值不同的原因在于培养体系内食料微生物比F/M值的不同.在相同接种条件下,稀释倍数愈大,BOD测定值和耗氧速率常数K值也愈大,而其BOD_u值基本不变.对标准葡萄糖-谷氨酸溶液来说,不同F/M值的两个培养体系的活菌总数峰值均在两日内出现,且F/M值大的其峰值相对滞后出现;细菌种群在内源呼吸期之前的耗氧速率较大,内源呼吸期的耗氧速率较小.     

影响三沟式氧化沟脱氮效果的2个重要参数

运行周期中反硝化运行和硝化运行的时间比ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ是平衡处理系统反硝化,硝化能力的重要参数,实验室条件下分别比较了ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．２７,０．４０,０．４７,０．７５和１．０的５种不同组合的运行效果。结果表明,当ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．４０时,即硝化能力略大于反硝化潜能时,脱氮效果最好。     

Production of boundary layer ozone from tropical American Savannah biomass burning emissions

Boundary layer ozone and carbon monoxide were measured at a savannah site in the Orinoco river basin, during the dry and wet seasons. CO and O₃ concentrations recorded around noontime show a good linear correlation, suggesting that the higher ozone levels observed during the dry season are photochemically produced during the oxidation of reactive hydrocarbons in the presence of NO_x both emitted by biomass burning. The rate of photochemical ozone production in the boundary layer ozone by biomass burning calculated from the production ratio ΔO₃/ΔCO (0.17±0.01 v : v) and the amount of CO produced by fires (0.26–1.3 mole m⁻² dry season⁻¹), ranges from 0.6 to 2.6 ppbv h⁻¹ for 8 h of daylight. This O₃ production rate is in fairly good agreement with the value derived from RO₂ radical measurements made in the Venezuelan savannah during the dry season. The net boundary layer production of O₃ from all tropical America savannah fires is estimated to range between 0.28 and 0.36 Tmol O₃ per year, which is about 3 times higher than the O₃ produced from pollution sources in the eastern United States during the summer. An extrapolation to all of the world's savannah would indicate a net boundary layer ozone production of about 1.2 Tmol yr⁻¹. This is discussed in the context of the overall global budget of tropospheric ozone.     

废催化剂浸出规律的静态实验方法

利用静态浸出实验方法对废催化剂中重金属在不同固水比和浸出次数条件下的浸出规律进行了系统研究。实验发现浸出次数大于３次后,重金属的浸出浓度和浸出速率趋于稳定,同时固水比的增加也没有明显改变废催化剂中重金属的浸出。认为在浸取次数大于３次以后,随着表面溶质的溶解,浸出过程主要为内扩散所控制。     

Does the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola control the sex of individual offspring?

By scoring the chromosome number of developing embryos, we show that the sex ratio bias of the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock is the result of an overproduction of female embryos. Only 17% of 585 embryos sexed from 14 egg sacs were male, a significant departure from a 1:1 sex ratio. We also explored the possibility of direct control of the sex of individual offspring in this species by examining the variance in the number of males per sac and the spatial distribution of male and female embryos within the sacs. We postulated that a variance in the number of males per sac lower than binomial (i.e., underdispersed or precise sex ratios) or a non-random distribution of male embryos within the sacs would suggest direct control of the sex of individual offspring. We found that the variance in the number of males per sac was indistinguishable from binomial and significantly larger than expected under exact ratios. Likewise, the spatial distribution of male embryos within three sacs examined was no more clustered than expected by chance. The sex ratio biasing mechanism in this species, therefore, apparently only allows control of the mean sex ratio but not of its variance. We present randomization and Monte Carlo methods that can be applied to test for departures from a random spatial arrangement of male and female embryos in an egg mass and for departures from binomial or exact ratios when not all members of a clutch have been sexed. Received: 21 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 23 March 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999     

Variance in female quality, operational sex ratio and male mate choice in a bushcricket

Male bushcrickets, Kawanaphila nartee, exercise mate choice when nutrients are limited. Male mate choice is associated with a female-biased operational sex ratio (OSR) that arises from an increased relative paternal investment under nutrient limitation. However, increased male choosiness could be attributable to the fact that females vary more in fecundity, and consequently in mate quality, when nutrient limited. Our objective was to experimentally partition the influences of OSR (male or female bias) and variance in mate quality (high or low) and to assess their relative influence on the intensity of mate choice by male bushcrickets. Female quality was manipulated by controlled feeding regimes that directly affected female fecundity. We found that males and females engaged in sexual interactions sooner under a male-biased than a female-biased OSR. Males were more likely to reject females on their first encounter when variance in female quality was high. However, the effect of quality variance on the total number of rejections during a 4-h observation period was dependent on the perceived OSR. A male's prior experience of variance in female quality did not influence male choosiness. Our observed rates of mate rejection conformed well with those predicted from recent theoretical models of sexual differences in choosiness. In conclusion, our results show that the opportunity for selection via male mate choice is influenced by an interaction between OSR and the variance in mate quality that arises within nutrient-limited populations of females. Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1998