Structural equation model of the influence of noise annoyance on miners’ unsafe behavior in coal mines

Miners' unsafe behavior (UB) is the main cause of coal mine accidents. Previous research has suggested that excessive noise in tunnels impacts miners' temperaments and safe production behavior. To explore the influence of noise on UB, four different dimensions of noise annoyance were identified: cognitive, emotional, communication, and physical mechanism annoyance. The coal mine noise annoyance scale, miners' unsafe behavior intention (UBI) scale, and miners’ UB scale were developed according to different dimensions. In the first survey, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed in the two coal mines, and 193 valid questionnaires were recovered. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and invalid items were removed according to the analysis results to form the final scale. Then, 500 final scales were distributed in two Chinese coal mines, and 482 valid questionnaires were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by collating the data of the second questionnaire. Based upon the structural equation model (SEM), the SEM of the influence of noise annoyance degree on UB and the path analysis with latent variable path analysis with the latent variables (PA-LVs) mediating model of the effect of UBI on UB were established, and the path coefficients with fitting data of the model were analyzed. The results indicated that the four dimensions of coal mine noise annoyance had a strong positive impact on UB, which was reduced by less noise annoyance. In addition, the Bootstrap method was used to verify the mediating method among the four dimensions of noise annoyance, cognitive annoyance, emotional annoyance, with communication annoyance indirectly affecting UB through UBI. The research results provide theoretical support for reducing the UB of miners and improving coal mine safety levels.     

Inhibition effects of aluminum dust explosions by various kinds of ammonium polyphosphate

In this work, vinyltriethoxysilane (A151) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) were used to modify ammonium polyphosphate (APP), showing that the dispersibility of APP could be improved remarkably by A151 and KH550. The maximum explosion pressure of aluminum dust explosion decreased with the addition of APP, A151-APP (APP-A) and KH550-APP (APP-B), with the exception of the case where the inerting ratio (α) of APP-A was less than 0.4. After the addition of APP-B, there was little difference in flame propagation behavior and explosion pressure compared with that of adding APP, indicating that APP-B could retain the inhibition performance of APP compared with APP-A. When the inerting ratios of APP, APP-A and APP-B were 1.2, 1.4 and 1.4, respectively, the aluminum dust explosion could be completely inhibited. The explosion residues of aluminum dust/APP mainly consisted of Al₂O₃, P-containing and N-containing compounds. It could be analyzed that APP exerted the inhibition effect through both chemical and physical effects.     

植物叶表尘及重金属对城市大气颗粒物污染的指示与评估

城市大气颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,目前主要依靠大气站点的直接观测数据反映污染的即时状况,而植物叶表尘及重金属的监测为评价大气颗粒物阶段性污染状况提供了新的途径.本研究通过分析北京交通带和公园共7个样点的臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、槐(Sophora japonica)、北京杨(Populus beijingensis)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、紫叶李(Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea)等5种常见绿化树种的叶表尘及重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,并计算尘金属综合累积指数(MAI),进而与邻近站点大气颗粒物观测数据对比并进行统计分析,尝试量化评价植物所处环境的大气颗粒物及尘重金属综合污染状况.结果表明:采用榆树叶表尘可量化评价大气可吸入颗粒物PM10的月均质量浓度,相对误差为1.2%~10.6%;臭椿叶表尘可量化评价大气细颗粒物PM2.5的月均质量浓度和月均空气质量指数(AQI),相对误差分别为0.18%~3.7%和0.26%~5.7%.MAI值可指示大气尘重金属综合污染状况,本研究中京承高速和朝阳公园大气尘重金属综合污染较重,其次为念坛公园、望京公园和玉蜓桥,最轻为岳各庄桥和麋鹿苑.     

贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤重金属来源识别比较

通过对89个城市土壤样和78个道路灰尘样中重金属含量的对比,利用多元统计方法识别研究区的元素来源.结果显示道路灰尘元素含量一般高于土壤.就均值而言,灰尘中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr含量超过土壤中相应元素含量,灰尘中Zn含量与土壤中Zn含量相当,只有灰尘中As含量略低于土壤.灰尘中元素含量都高于中国和贵州表层土壤背景值,土壤中元素含量除Pb外都高于中国和贵州表层土壤背景值.Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Cu和Zn含量较高主要是受人为因素的影响.贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤中8种元素有着不同的来源.相关分析、主成分分析表明交通排放等人为因素是重金属主要来源,外来客土也是重金属重要来源;灰尘Pb主要来源于交通排放和钢铁厂;而土壤Cr具有复合污染的特征,主要来源于外来客土.     

陕南水镁石纤维的环境安全性评估

纤维水镁石在动物体内有一定的生物活性,但在人群流行性病学结果上显示的一系列信息如接尘工人只出现低的尘肺患病率,没有矽肺病和Ⅲ期尘肺患者。溶解性试验结果表明：水镁石纤维粉尘极易溶解在有机无机强弱酸、混合酸、有机无机铵盐、缓冲溶液中,也可部分溶于水中,导致其在体内滞留时间短且易于清除。说明水镁石纤维是安全的纤维材料且没有致瘤协同作用,由于矿物的表面/界面特征是除纤维特性以外控制纤维生物活性和危害性的关键因素之一,提出了矿物粉尘环境安全评价分类体系应突破矿物种的局限而深入到表面/界面的水平。     

煤矿作业人员系统风险知觉能力量化分析

为了定量分析煤矿作业人员风险知觉能力,采用Wickens模型分析风险知觉能力和人因失误作用关系,基于此,结合模糊痕迹理论,提出了基于三角模糊数的信号检测理论,从危险信号辨识敏感性(α)和反应偏好(β)两个指标对煤矿作业人员风险知觉能力进行评价。以某煤矿机电作业人员为例,设计调查问卷,并利用基于三角模糊数的信号检测理论对机电作业人员风险知觉能力进行分析。结果表明,所提出方法可用于评价煤矿井下作业系统中人员的风险知觉能力,能为提升煤矿作业人员风险知觉能力提供参考。     

中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立

建立中国分省燃煤汞排放清单,对于研究汞的大气化学转化、迁移和沉降,制定中国汞污染控制对策具有重要意义.本研究按经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式和污染控制技术将排放源划分为65种不同类型,根据各类型的煤炭消费量、燃料汞含量和汞排放因子计算汞排放量,最终建立了分省燃煤汞排放清单.用2组原煤汞含量数据资料计算的2000年中国燃煤大气汞排放量分别为161.6 t和219.5 t,其中绝大部分汞排放来自工业、电力和生活消费,分别占46%、35%和14%.Hg⁰、Hg²⁺和Hg_p在中国燃煤大气汞排放中所占的比例分别为16%、61%和23%.中国燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异,排放量较大的省份有河南、山西、河北、辽宁和江苏,均超过10t/a.     

沙尘暴细颗粒物对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞钙水平和脂质过氧化的影响

2004年3月采集甘肃省武威市和内蒙古包头市正常良好天气、局地扬沙天气和沙尘暴天气的大气细颗粒物(PM2．5)样品,以不同浓度的细颗粒物悬液体外处理大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞后测定细胞内丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(IgSH)及胞质游离Ca^2 含量,并观察不同处理时间的细胞存活率．研究结果表明：(1)沙尘暴与非沙尘暴PM2．5均使细胞内MDA和Ca^2 含量升高、GSH含量下降,且对细胞毒性存在时间．效应和剂量．效应关系,(2)PM2．5对各指标的影响仅与处理剂量有关,而与样品种类无关．沙尘暴期间大气PM2．5浓度很高,因而沙尘暴PM2.5的危害作用不可忽视。     

长治市沙尘天气污染特征及传输路径解析

以2018年3次沙尘天气为研究对象,分析了PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度、水溶性离子组分、气象条件和气溶胶光学特征,研究了长治市沙尘天气的典型污染特征和传输路径.结果表明：长治市2018年共8d为受沙尘天气影响日,其中4月份最多（5d）,这与春季大气环流调整,冷暖空气活动频繁有关.沙尘污染发生前一般受西方或西北方冷空气影响,大气层结不稳定,大气环流转为经向环流,平均风速达4m/s以上;沙尘污染过程中PM_2.5/PM₁₀均低于0.3,环境空气中粗颗粒物占比较大,水溶性离子总浓度在PM_2.5中占比下降,Ca²⁺浓度为沙尘污染发生前的4倍以上.冬季沙尘为近地面扩散传输,春夏季沙尘为高空沉降传输,影响范围大,区域传输贡献明显.长治市沙尘重要潜在源区为蒙古国、哈萨克斯坦中部和新疆中北部的荒漠地区,传输路径主要为西北路径和正北路径,其中西北路径为哈萨克斯坦—新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治以及新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治两条路径,正北路径为蒙古国—内蒙古中部—山西北部—长治.     

青藏高原阶段性隆升对亚洲干旱半干旱区冬季粉尘循环的影响

粉尘是大气气溶胶的主要成分之一,对大气能量平衡起着关键作用。一般来讲,黄土高原（LP）粉尘主要来源于北方沙漠区,但有关中国东部及其周边地区粉尘来源的争论仍在继续。为此,本文对比分析了亚洲主要粉尘源区如中亚（CA）和中蒙（CM）粉尘循环对青藏高原阶段性隆升的响应,探讨了CA和CM粉尘排放对下游的贡献。利用美国大气研究中心（NCAR）最新发布的通用地球系统模式（CESM 1.0）,进行了改变青藏高原海拔高度为现在10%,20%,30%?…100%的9个数值试验。分析结果表明,随着青藏高原阶段性隆升中亚和中蒙干旱区冬季降水均线性减弱,与前人研究结果一致。青藏高原阶段性隆升阻塞西风环流使其减弱从而引起中亚粉尘释放减弱;而青藏高原阶段性隆升引起亚洲冬季风加强,促使中蒙粉尘释放加强,与中亚相反。模拟结果与地质记录对比进一步证实了中蒙粉尘源区对黄土高原、中国东部及临近区域粉尘沉降的贡献。