南四湖表层沉积物中砷赋存特征及污染评价

为了解南四湖表层沉积物中砷（As）的赋存与分布特征及污染状况,分别采用王水消解-原子荧光法和Tessier修正连续提取法分析59个表层沉积物样品中As含量及其赋存形态,并利用次生相与原生相比值法和风险评价编码法进行As污染与生态风险评价。结果表明：南四湖表层沉积物中总砷（TAs）含量为8.81~25.14 mg/kg,平均值为（18.06±5.26）mg/kg,高于山东省土壤As背景值和黄河干流沉积物As背景值;各形态As平均含量依次为残渣态（17.30 mg/kg）>腐殖酸结合态（0.31 mg/kg）>铁锰氧化态（0.30 mg/kg）>离子交换态（0.05 mg/kg）=水溶态（0.05 mg/kg）>碳酸盐结合态（0.04 mg/kg）>强有机质结合态（0.004 mg/kg）;各湖区均以残渣态As为主,可提取态As仅占TAs的4.46%。次生相与原生相比值法评价结果表明,南四湖沉积物中As均为清洁水平;风险评价编码法评价结果表明,南四湖沉积物整体上无生态风险,但约有28.8%的采样点沉积物中As处于轻度生态风险。

     

基于麦-玉种植系统农田土壤碳库与作物产量的周年秸秆还田量评价

作物秸秆的处理和循环利用已成为农业科研领域的热点.优化小麦-玉米周年秸秆管理,可实现种植系统碳效率提高,并促进小麦-玉米周年可持续生产.基于持续8a的秸秆还田长期定位试验,设立了麦-玉双季还田（WS-MS）和麦-玉单季还田（WSMN）这两个处理,对比分析了WS-MS处理和WS-MN处理下秸秆还田量对土壤有机碳（TOC）含量、易氧化有机碳（EOOC）含量、土壤碳储量、碳库管理指数（CPMI）、碳利用效率和作物产量的影响.结果表明,WS-MS处理和WS-MN处理的TOC含量分别增加了8.1%和5.5%,WS-MS处理和WS-MN处理的EOOC含量分别增加了50.4%和45.5%; 0～20 cm土层,WS-MS处理和WS-MN处理有机碳储量分别提升了20.5%和18.3%;但是WS-MS处理较WS-MN处理的提升皆不显著. WS-MS处理的碳库指数（CPI）、碳库活度（CPA）、碳库活度指数（CPAI）和CPMI较WS-MN处理分别高出3.7%、20.5%、2.2%和7.9%.对于产量而言,WS-MN处理的麦-玉周年产量较WS-MS处理高出0.2%,年均生产效率和生态效率分别较WS-MS处理显著高出136.1%和64.2%. WS-MN处理降低农田碳投入,导致其碳效益显著高于WS-MS处理.因此,统筹考量秸秆还田方式、秸秆碳利用效率以及作物产量,在不显著影响小麦-玉米周年籽粒产量及其土壤碳库的前提下,仅小麦秸秆单季还田更适于黄淮海地区小麦-玉米一年两熟集约化种植的周年秸秆资源高效利用的管理方式.     

重金属对食品的污染及其危害

铅、砷、汞、镉、锡等有毒重金属通过各种途径污染食品,沿食物链进入人体后,给人体健康带来严重危害.本文综述了几种重金属对食品的污染及其来源,对人体的危害及其预防,以便提高人们的食品安全意识,加强环境保护,维护人体健康.     

基于EIO-LCA模型的纯电动轿车温室气体减排分析

纯电动轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放是否低于汽油轿车的排放仍然存在争议.为评价纯电动轿车的温室气体减排效率,此研究利用中国2007温室气体排放EIO-LCA模型分别核算了普通级纯电动轿车和汽油轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放量.结果表明纯电动轿车燃料周期的温室气体排放总量为124gCO2,e/km,汽油轿车相应的排放总量为265gCO2,e/km,纯电动轿车与汽油轿车相比,减排温室气体53%.模型计算结果还表明影响纯电动轿车温室气体排放的主要行业包括电力、热力的生产和供应业与煤炭开采和洗选业等.因此,纯电动轿车温室气体减排应通过优化一次能源结构、提高电网综合效率等方法实现.     

岷江上游退耕还林与生态恢复的问题和对策

退耕还林因地域的差异存在不同的问题。长江上游山区本质属于受干扰山地系统,生态恢复需从多尺度和多角度入手。作为一个契机,退耕还林对生态恢复的作用在持续性和生态性上存在着矛盾和统一,同时也存在不同利益主体之间的博弈。针对岷江上游区域,在分析了社会、生态复杂性的基础上,通过对不同区域的对比,讨论了人工林种植后的生态效应,研究发现抚育较好的人工林生物多样性和土壤质量指数增加,人工林需要加强人为的干预,并根据在该区域的社会经济调查,指出了退耕还林存在的问题并提出了相应的对策。     

复杂地形大气污染扩散模式选用研究

在大气环境影响评价中,大气扩散和大气湍流受地形因素的影响较大。在以往的大气环境影响评价中,往往只利用现有的理论模型把实际的情况理想化,公式化导致预测的结果和实际情况有较大偏差。地形越简单,偏差越小;地形越复杂,偏差越大。针对以上情况,从相关的模型入手,主要探讨复杂地形条件下,污染物在大气中的扩散,从而研究复杂地形因素在大气环境影响评价等级判定中的应用。通过分析扩散模型的原理及参数、大气稳定度、扩散参数、复杂地形的处理和建筑物下洗等,得出2008版大气技术导则在原理和技术上,比1993版的大气技术导则的先进性、优越性及在今后环境影响评价工作中应注意的细节。本研究的成果对大气环境影响评价工作将起到极大的促进作用。     

Ensemble Modeling of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem to Provide Scenarios for Management

We present a multi-model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, and investigate the combined impact of changing climate, external nutrient supply, and fisheries on the marine ecosystem. The applied regional climate system model contains state-of-the-art component models for the atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, land surface, terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, and marine food-web. Time-dependent scenario simulations for the period 1960–2100 are performed and uncertainties of future projections are estimated. In addition, reconstructions since 1850 are carried out to evaluate the models sensitivity to external stressors on long time scales. Information from scenario simulations are used to support decision-makers and stakeholders and to raise awareness of climate change, environmental problems, and possible abatement strategies among the general public using geovisualization. It is concluded that the study results are relevant for the Baltic Sea Action Plan of the Helsinki Commission.     

Methodological convergence as an issue within environmental cognition research

Two perspectives in the analysis of pointing and mapping tasks as the measure of representations of the large-scale environment are examined. These two perspectives are: (1) an individual difference approach; and (2) a cognitive representational approach. Convergence between methods assessing the same geographical/spatial knowledge is necessary as evidence for the existence of unified cognitive-spatial representations of the environment.Three sets of analyses interrelate performance on pointing and mapping tasks. In the first analysis, a confirmatory factor analytic model is applied to short tests of pointing and mapping accuracy to determine whether one or two factors are needed to account for covariation between the tests. In the second analysis, covariation among errors in pointing and mapping of specific locations is partitioned into general and specific method factors using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. In the third analysis, pointing errors for identical locations within the mapping and pointing tasks are directly compared on the basis of directional errors.The three analyses indicate that: (1) tests of pointing and mapping measure highly related abilities; (2) the targets used in pointing and mapping tasks are of differential importance in identifying general and specific method factors; and (3) there is little or no direct correspondence between directional errors made in pointing tasks and those occurring in mapping tasks for the same locations.When results of the three analyses are examined in relationship to criteria for convergence of pointing and mapping tasks, little evidence is found to suggest that directional errors in these tasks arise from a unified mental representation of the geographical environment. However, substantial predictable individual differences are apparent for both tasks.     

Dispersal of Land Snails of the Genus Xeropicta Monterosato, 1892 (Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Hygromiidae)

Data on the parameters of migration of two land snails of the genus Xeropicta are presented. In relatively homogeneous habitats, the locomotor activity of these mollusks is relatively high: they can travel for up to 300 cm per day, with neither the phenotype nor size of the shell having any significant influence on the level of dispersal. The snails prefer to travel westward and southward, but the distances covered by individuals moving in different directions are similar. No connection between the directions or distances of movement on two successive days has been observed.     

水平燃料床阴燃的传播及其向明火转捩的实验研究

本文研究了不同含水量的燃料床在不同风速下阴燃的传播速度,测量了不同含水量的燃料由阴燃转捩成明火的临界风速。实验结果表明燃料床的不同高度层阴燃发展传播的速度不同,正向阴燃和逆向阴燃的规律也不相同。阴燃转捩成明火的临界风速不但与燃料情况（如含水量等）有关,还与风速增加的规律有关。