关于"环境贴现率"问题的探讨

推导一个描述私人利润率和社会利润率之间的新公式。该公式涉及的２个相关的环境参数为：环境投资占国民收入的百分比（λ）;从环境投资角度出发定义的环境改善的弹性（η）。公式表明,从环境的观点出发,社会利润率或环境贴率应该随则系统地降低。此外,本文还引用了“环境阻力”的概念来论述模型的意义,同时还简要地讨论了环境阻力的计算方法。     

Effect of vegetative filter strips on herbicide runoff under various types of rainfall

Narrow vegetative filter strips proved to effectively reduce herbicide runoff from cultivated fields mainly due to the ability of vegetation to delay surface runoff, promote infiltration and adsorb herbicides. A field trial was conducted from 2007 to 2009 in north-east Italy in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of vegetative filter strips to reduce spring-summer runoff of the herbicides mesotrione, metolachlor and terbuthylazine, widely used in maize, and to evaluate the effect of the rainfall characteristics on the runoff volume and concentration. Results show that without vegetative filter strip the herbicide load that reaches the surface water is about 5-6 g ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for metolachlor and terbuthylazine (i.e. 0.5-0.9% of the applied rate), confirming that runoff from flat fields as in the Po Valley can have a minor effect on the water quality, and that most of the risk is posed by a few, or even just one extreme rainfall event with a return period of about 25-27 years, causing runoff with a maximum concentration of 64-77 μg L⁻¹. Mesotrione instead showed rapid soil disappearance and was observed at a concentration of 1.0-3.8 μg L⁻¹ only after one extreme (artificial) rainfall. Vegetative filter strips of any type are generally effective and can reduce herbicide runoff by 80-88%. Their effectiveness is steady even under severe rainfall conditions, and this supports their implementation in an environmental regulatory scheme at a catchment or regional scale.     

Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities for marine conservation

Incentivized debt conversion is a financing mechanism that can assist countries with a heavy debt burden to bolster their long-term domestic investment in nature conservation. The Nature Conservancy, an international conservation-based nongovernmental organization, is adapting debt conversions to support marine conservation efforts by small island developing states and coastal countries. Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities according to their potential return on investment can increase the impact and effectiveness of this finance mechanism. We developed guidance on how to do so with a decision-support approach that relies on a novel threat-based adaptation of cost-effectiveness analysis. We constructed scenarios by varying parameters of the approach, including enabling conditions, expected benefits, and threat classifications. Incorporating both abatable and unabatable threats affected priorities across planning scenarios. Similarly, differences in scenario construction resulted in unique solution sets for top priorities. We show how environmental organizations, private entities, and investment banks can adopt structured prioritization frameworks for making decisions about conservation finance investments, such as debt conversions. Our guidance can accommodate a suite of social, ecological, and economic considerations, making the approach broadly applicable to other conservation finance mechanisms or investment strategies that seek to establish a transparent process for return-on-investment decision-making.     

不同工况条件对Carrousel氧化沟脱氮除磷影响研究

采用Carrousel氧化沟处理实际生活污水,考察了DO、TCOD/TN和污泥回流比对氧化沟单沟内同步脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,在相同HRT、污泥回流比、TCOD/TN比的工况下,氧化沟系统对TN、TP的去除率随着DO浓度的增加而降低;在相同HRT、污泥回流比、DO的工况下,氧化沟系统对TN、TP的去除率随着TCOD/TN比的增加而提高;在相同HRT、DO和TCOD/TN比的工况下,氧化沟系统对TN的去除率随着回流比的增加而提高,而对TP的去除率随着回流比的增加而降低。     

农田固碳措施对温室气体减排影响的研究进展

农田是CO2,CH4和N2O三种温室气体的重要排放源,在全球范围内农业生产活动贡献了约14%的人为温室气体排放量,以及58%的人为非CO2排放,不合理的农田管理措施强化了农田温室气体排放源特征,弱化了农田固碳作用。土壤碳库作为地球生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,同时也是温室气体的重要源/汇。研究表明通过采取合理的农田管理措施,既可起到增加土壤碳库、减少温室气体排放的目的,又能提高土壤质量。农田土壤碳库除受温度、降水和植被类型的影响外,还在很大程度上受施肥量、肥料类型、秸秆还田量、耕作措施和灌溉等农田管理措施的影响。本文通过总结保护性耕作/免耕,秸秆还田,氮肥管理,水分管理,农学及土地利用变化等农田管理措施,探寻增强农田土壤固碳作用,减少农田温室气体排放的合理途径。农田碳库的稳定/增加,对于保证全球粮食安全与缓解气候变化趋势具有双重的积极意义。在我国许多有关土壤固碳与温室气体排放的研究尚不系统或仅限于短期研究,这也为正确评价各种固碳措施对温室气体排放的影响增加了不确定性。     

论双回路吸收塔及其循环浆液计算

双回路吸收塔运用于火电厂、烧结厂等的烟气脱硫系统。它具有传质效果好、脱硫率高、产生的石膏纯度高等特点,对于减少对自然界石膏资源的开发和保护资源上,具有很大的优势。通过对双回路塔的工作原理及其结构、性能特点论述,层层剖析,并进一步论证其循环浆液的计算方法。     

Foreword

We provide an introduction to the volume The Arctic in the Earth System perspective: the role of tipping points. The terms tipping point and tipping element are described and their role in current science, general debates, and the Arctic are elucidated. From a wider perspective, the volume focuses upon the role of humans in the Arctic component of the Earth system and in particular the envelope for human existence, the Arctic ecosystems. The Arctic climate tipping elements, the tipping elements in Arctic ecosystems and societies, and the challenges of governance and anticipation are illuminated through short summaries of eight publications that derive from the Arctic Frontiers conference in 2011 and the EU FP7 project Arctic Tipping Points. Then some ideas based upon resilience thinking are developed to show how wise system management could ease pressures on Arctic systems in order to keep them away from tipping points.     

云南耿马灌区水环境质量与退水污染负荷分析

为保证灌区及配套工程顺利实施,受退水区域的水污染防治工作应该优先考虑并引起足够重视。按照存在生活供水的灌区工程应遵循的先治污、后通水,先环保、后用水、增水不增污、增水减污等原则,受退水区的水环境质量应作为工程实施效果的主要指标。本文对已有的灌区工程涉及的地表水监测资料进行了整理,分析了灌区主要纳污水体的水环境质量现状。为进一步分析灌区各类退水对区域水环境的影响,针对灌区工程范围内不同的灌溉控制单元,分析其主要退水的类型、水量和水质,分析主要污染物的污染负荷来源和占比。寻找重点污染源和主要水污染问题,提出各类退水污染防治的重点方向、任务和主要建议,对灌区及配套工程的水污染防治工作具有一定的指导意义。     

核电厂大修期间蒸汽发生器U型管返水引发的安全风险及对策

核电厂大修期间,反应堆排水到压力容器法兰面水位后,蒸汽发生器U型管中吸附的水会大量返回到一回路,造成一回路水位控制困难并引发一系列安全风险,对大修人员、设备和反应堆堆芯安全都构成威胁.结合秦山第二核电厂换料大修中蒸汽发生器U型管返水的数据,对蒸汽发生器U型管返水的机理以及带来的安全风险进行了分析,并结合大修工作安排提出...     

煤矿管理者教育经历与煤矿安全生产关联性分析

为探讨煤矿管理者的教育经历与煤矿生产和安全的关系,在分析事故致因理论和教育收益理论基础上,使用明瑟收益率模型,构建煤矿矿长文化程度、受教育时长、从业时长等个人教育经历与煤矿生产能力和安全水平的关系假设,并结合全国煤矿矿长调研活动收集的数据进行实证分析。结果表明:煤矿矿长的文化程度、受教育时长、从业时长与煤矿企业的生产存在正向影响关系;煤矿矿长的文化程度与煤矿的伤亡人数存在负向影响关系;并在此结果基础上提出了下一步研究方向和实践建议。