生物预处理后给水沉淀池生物污泥回流净水效果的研究

针对季节性氨氮和有机微污染水源,通过回流生物预处理后沉淀池生物污泥至絮凝池,进行常规生物强化处理。不同污泥回流比工况的中试实验表明,污泥回流比宜在1.5%～5%之间选取,回流比再加大,生物强化效应不会增加;相比不回流工况27.6%的CODMn平均去除率,在污泥回流比为1.5%、3%和5%的运行工况下,沉淀池出水相对于预处理出水CODMn的平均去除率分别为44.5%、44.1%和45.5%;同时,在1.5%～5%之间选取污泥回流比,絮凝剂投加量减少了17 mg/L,并且沉淀池出水浊度降低,氨氮去除率也有提高。     

Determinants on Rural-Urban Labor Migration in China： Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Rural Cooperate Medical Insurance based on Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

This paper studies factors influencing rural-urban labor migration in China,particularly the implementation of rural cooperative medical insurance(RCMI) in the year 2003.With the support of data analysis from the year 2000,2004 and 2006,clear linear correlations are found between gender,income,health condition and rural-urban labor flow,whereas the impact of education and employment status are more complicated.More importantly,results from regression show that the establishment of RCMI in countryside of China not only inhibits rural residents from seeking employment outside the village,but also pulls back rural people who have already worked in cities.When regional dimension is concerned,the pure composite effect of RCMI on rural labor flow is less significant in coastal areas with better economic performance and medical service.     

Reallocating budgets among ongoing and emerging conservation projects

Conserving biodiversity and combating ecological hazards require cost-effective allocation of limited resources among potential management projects. Project priorities, however, can change over time as underlying social-ecological systems progress, novel priorities emerge, and management capabilities evolve. Thus, reallocation of ongoing investments in response to shifting priorities could improve management outcomes and address urgent demands, especially when additional funding is not available immediately. Resource reallocation, however, could incur transaction costs, require additional monitoring and reassessment, and be constrained by ongoing project commitments. Such complexities may prevent managers from considering potentially beneficial reallocation strategies, reducing long-term effectiveness. We propose an iterative project prioritization approach, based on marginal return-on-investment estimation and portfolio optimization, that guides resource reallocation among ongoing and new projects. Using simulation experiments in 2 case studies, we explored how this approach can improve efficacy under varying reallocation constraints, frequencies, costs, and rates of project portfolio change. Periodic budget reallocation could enhance the management of stochastically emerging invasive weeds in Australia and thus reduce the overall risk by up to 50% compared with a static budget. Reallocation frequency and the rate of new weed incursion synergistically increased the conservation gains achieved by allowing unconstrained reallocation. Conversely, budget reallocation would not improve the International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status of threatened Australian birds due to slow rates of transition among conservation states; extinction risk could increase if portfolio reassessment is costly. Although other project prioritization studies may recommend periodic reassessment and reallocation, our findings revealed conditions when reallocation is valuable and demonstrated a structured approach that can help conservation agencies schedule and implement iterative budget-allocation decisions cost-effectively.     

土壤改良对豫中烟田甲烷吸收的影响

为探究不同土壤改良措施对豫中烟田甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律的影响,以中烟100为供试品种,利用静态密闭暗箱法对烤烟-土壤生态系统CH₄吸收速率进行了周年测定.采用随机区组试验,共设置5个处理：不施肥（NF）、仅施用氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+种植并翻压黑麦草（NPKG）、氮磷钾+小麦秸秆还田（NPKS）和氮磷钾+施用烟秆生物炭（NPKB）.结果表明,2020年所有处理CH₄排放速率为-98.45~-13.50 μg·m^-2·h^-1,表明试验田是CH₄的吸收汇,CH₄的吸收速率随着温度的升高而增加,呈现明显的季节变化规律.在烤烟生育期,CH₄吸收速率与土壤孔隙含水率（WFPS）和土壤硝态氮含量均呈负相关,与土壤温度呈正相关.在休闲期,影响CH₄吸收速率的主要因素是土壤温度.与NPK相比,生育期NPKB处理的土壤孔隙含水率显著提高13.63%,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理的硝态氮和铵态氮含量均显著升高.所有处理CH₄全年吸收总量为3.25~3.83 kg·hm^-2,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理CH₄吸收总量较NPK处理分别显著降低了6.59%、6.82%、12.49%.添加有机物料能够显著提高 烟叶产量,其中,NPKG处理的烟叶产量最高.综合以上结果,该地区采用种植并翻压黑麦草的土壤改良措施较为合适.     

Constraints of philanthropy on determining the distribution of biodiversity conservation funding

Caught between ongoing habitat destruction and funding shortfalls, conservation organizations are using systematic planning approaches to identify places that offer the highest biodiversity return per dollar invested. However, available tools do not account for the landscape of funding for conservation or quantify the constraints this landscape imposes on conservation outcomes. Using state‐level data on philanthropic giving to and investments in land conservation by a large nonprofit organization, we applied linear regression to evaluate whether the spatial distribution of conservation philanthropy better explained expenditures on conservation than maps of biodiversity priorities, which were derived from a planning process internal to the organization and return on investment (ROI) analyses based on data on species richness, land costs, and existing protected areas. Philanthropic fund raising accounted for considerably more spatial variation in conservation spending (r² = 0.64) than either of the 2 systematic conservation planning approaches (r² = 0.08–0.21). We used results of one of the ROI analyses to evaluate whether increases in flexibility to reallocate funding across space provides conservation gains. Small but plausible “tax” increments of 1–10% on states redistributed to the optimal funding allocation from the ROI analysis could result in gains in endemic species protected of 8.5–80.2%. When such increases in spatial flexibility are not possible, conservation organizations should seek to cultivate increased support for conservation in priority locations. We used lagged correlations of giving to and spending by the organization to evaluate whether investments in habitat protection stimulate future giving to conservation. The most common outcome at the state level was that conservation spending quarters correlated significantly and positively with lagged fund raising quarters. In effect, periods of high fund raising for biodiversity followed (rather than preceded) periods of high expenditure on land conservation projects, identifying one mechanism conservation organizations could explore to seed greater activity in priority locations. Our results demonstrate how limitations on the ability of conservation organizations to reallocate their funding across space can impede organizational effectiveness and elucidate ways conservation planning tools could be more useful if they quantified and incorporated these constraints.     

沼液还田对土壤-作物系统重金属累积的影响:Meta分析

为探讨沼液还田方式、还田时长和重金属带入量等对土壤-作物重金属累积的影响,明确重金属累积影响因素的重要性,对41篇文献和1972对数据进行整合分析.结果表明,单施沼液使土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和作物As、Cr的累积显著提高20.5%、15.2%、25.6%、18.7%、26.3%和14.6%、39.5%,对作物其它重金属累积作用不明显.沼液与化肥混施可显著提高8.05%和4.70%的土壤Cr和Zn的累积且降低作物对As的累积.相关分析表明,土壤As、Cd和Cr的累积速率与沼液还田时长和土壤有机质（SOM）含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.30、0.15、0.13和0.22、0.27、0.22,而与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.16、0.13和0.11.沼液还田带入的重金属会促进土壤As、Cd、Cr和作物As、Cd、Cr、Zn的累积,而土壤Cd、Cu和Zn的累积又会促进作物Cd、Cu和Zn的累积,其间相关系数分别为0.45、0.58和0.42.因子重要性分析表明,沼液还田对土壤-作物系统中重金属累积的主要因素是还田时长、SOM和土壤pH值.     

运行微生物燃料电池减排稻田土壤甲烷的研究

为了研究稻秆还田条件下运行微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)是否能有效减排稻田甲烷,本研究将添加质量分数0.5%稻秆的土壤装入MFCs反应器,淹水并种植水稻后运行MFCs.待水稻经历苗期、分蘗期、晒田期、灌浆期和成熟期共98 d后,停止MFCs运行.在MFCs运行过程中实时连续记录电压,每周一次采用静态箱法搜集并检测反应器的甲烷排放通量.结果表明,MFCs电流在分蘗期逐步升高并达到峰值,并且运行MFCs显著降低添加稻秆土壤在苗期和分蘗期的甲烷累积排放通量.原因可能与产电菌和产甲烷菌竞争有机底物有关.MFCs运行98 d后,水稻株高、地上和地下部分生物量,以及产量未受显著影响.本研究为稻田CH_4减排提供了一种潜在的绿色可持续的技术.     

The yen for gold

In this article, we examine whether gold could be an exchange rate hedge in Japan, using data from 1986 to 2007. In the literature on this area, most research focuses on the linear relationship—rather than the non-linear one—between gold returns and the exchange rate fluctuation of the Japanese yen. In the present paper, we use the depreciation rate of the yen as a threshold variable to distinguish between a high depreciation regime and a low depreciation (or appreciation) regime. With this specification, we build a threshold vector autoregressive model to investigate the causality between the gold return and the yen depreciation rate. We find that when the yen depreciation rate is greater than 2.62%, investing in gold could avoid the depreciation loss. Therefore, we conclude that the effectiveness of gold as an exchange rate hedge depends on the depreciation rate of the yen. This finding could benefit both the Japanese monetary authority and investors who hold Japanese yen in their portfolios.     

返乡创业生态系统评价指标体系构建与实证研究

构建返乡创业生态系统初始评价指标体系,并结合我国典型国家级返乡创业试点县数据,采用相关分析、R型聚类分析和因子分析筛选指标。结果显示:①返乡创业生态系统评价指标体系最终确立包含7个准则层、23个指标。②该指标体系反映了初始70个指标体系92.14%的信息。通过实证分析,江苏省返乡创业生态系统总体优于四川省与河南省。