Developing and validating a scientific model for exploring safe work practices in interdisciplinary teams

Health research literature on quality and safety in recent years has pointed to a need to explore the characteristics of interdisciplinary team work unique to the health care sector and the particular organization. The literature also has identified a need for scientific models that explore and integrate existing findings concerning team dynamics. In this article, I attempt to address these concerns by developing and validating a scientific model for exploring safe work practices of interdisciplinary OR teams. Specifically, existing health research literature on quality and safety is reviewed to identify and incorporate various team-related aspects into dimensions of the proposed model. To further validate the model, I conduct an ethnographic study of safe work practices within an interdisciplinary OR setting. I find that safe work practices can be viewed as a product of the individual’s and team’s ability to draw on and combine explicit and tacit knowledge repertoires, which again is a product of the particular inner and outer structural conditions of a system. While the findings add their own unique distinctiveness to the scientific model, the findings also compare to the existing aspects and dimensions of the model. I conclude that the fit of the empirical data to the model improves the validity of the model, and also the potential application of the model in ethnographic research within different medical and/or team settings.     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Investigating cumulative effects across ecological scales

Species, habitats, and ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, fueling a rapidly expanding research program to understand the cumulative impacts of these environmental modifications. Since the 1970s, a growing set of methods has been developed through two parallel, sometimes connected, streams of research within the applied and academic realms to assess cumulative effects. Past reviews of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) methods focused on approaches used by practitioners. Academic research has developed several distinct and novel approaches to conducting CEA. Understanding the suite of methods that exist will help practitioners and academics better address various ecological foci (physiological responses, population impacts, ecosystem impacts) and ecological complexities (synergistic effects, impacts across space and time). We reviewed 6 categories of methods (experimental, meta-analysis, single-species modeling, mapping, qualitative modeling, and multispecies modeling) and examined the ability of those methods to address different levels of complexity. We focused on research gaps and emerging priorities. We found that no single method assessed impacts across the 4 ecological foci and 6 ecological complexities considered. We propose that methods can be used in combination to improve understanding such that multimodel inference can provide a suite of comparable outputs, mapping methods can help prioritize localized models or experimental gaps, and future experiments can be paired from the outset with models they will inform.     

农药在环境中的水解机理及其影响因子研究进展

农药的水降解与其在环境中的持久性是密切相关的,它是影响农药在环境中的归宿机制的重要依据之一,也是评价农药在水体中残留特性的重要指标。近些年来,国内外不少学者对农药尤其是有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯和磺酰脲类等的水解进行了大量研究,其内容涉及到农药水化学降解机理及其各种因子如pH值、温度和黏土矿物等对农药水解的影响等,并取得了很多新的进展。但是所有这些研究主要集中于实验室内,而对其自然环境中各因子的贡献及其水解机制的了解则相对较少。今后应加强农药在自然条件下的水解动力学与机理以及黏土矿物和腐殖酸对农药在水体中的催化水解研究,以更好地评价农药在环境中的行为与归宿,为农药的合理使用提高科学依据。     

环境风险评价研究进展

重大环境污染事故常伴有人员伤亡,给社会、经济、人群健康和环境带来巨大破坏,环境风险评价是预防环境污染事故并提供有效应急措施的必要工作.对环境风险评价发展的三个阶段:健康风险评价、事故风险评价和综合风险评价进行了总结,并分析其研究进展、评价方法和研究不足之处,最后探讨了环境风险评价与环境风险管理的关系.结果表明,在未来几十年内,区域环境风险、长期环境风险、不确定性处理和环境毒理学、环境流行病学等方面将成为环境风险评价的重点研究领域.     

水和废水中多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法及进展

本文引用了七十余篇近几年国内外的有关著文,对水和废水中的多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法进行了评述,全面系统地介绍了水样的采集、富集、净化和分析测定等操作程序,着重于样品的前处理和气相色谱分析,并提出了这一领域今后的发展趋势。     

南亚国际河流及其水资源开发

本文全面介绍了南亚地区的主要国际河流,印度河、恒河和布拉马普特拉河水资源开发的地理和历史背景。详细评述了印度河用水争端的来龙去脉和印度河条约的谈判和签署过程,以及印度与巴基斯坦和孟加拉在分享印度河和恒河水资源问题上的立场,笔者还分析了南亚国际河流水资源开发的现状,提出了流域综合开发,以合理利用水资源的建议。 文章中,笔者简要介绍了国际法律界经常采用的水资源分享的理论和学说。     

阿拉善高原生态环境退化研究进展

区域生态环境退化问题是当前研究的热点内容,分析其研究现状及存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。本文以典型生态环境脆弱区——阿拉善高原为研究对象,系统梳理了该区域土地沙漠化、沙尘暴演化、土地利用/覆被变化、绿洲退化、水量减少与水质恶化等与生态环境退化相关领域的研究进展。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上,就不同生态环境退化问题研究存在的不足进行了归纳总结,并提出了今后需要重点开展的研究内容,以期为阿拉善高原乃至其他生态环境脆弱区生态系统的研究提供参考。     

水源地藻类及藻毒素同时去除的效果及机制分析

利用组合载体对太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中藻类及藻毒素的同时去除试验表明:检测水源地水体中藻量、Chl-a、TMC的含量各为(31.67～78.27)×106个.L-1、32.58～102.67μg·L-1、1.79～11.97μg·L-1.在水力停留时间为7d、组合载体的密度为13.1%的条件下,组合载体AP对藻量的平均去除率达到了59.78%,对Chl-a的平均去除率达到了80.82%,对TMC-LR、TMC-RR、EMC-LR、EMC-RR的降解率最高能达到99.73%、97.10%、100%、75.44%.对其去除机制的研究表明,组合载体AP对总细菌的富集能力达到了8.3×1011～35.6×1011cells.g-1,比湖水本底值中细菌的总数高出了8～9个数量级.对除藻及藻毒素过程中的优势菌种,经过培养、分离,考察其形态、生理生化特性,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、16S rRNA序列分析技术,经鉴定确认该优势菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.).组合载体AP上富集的大量微生物,它们的协同降解作用是去除藻及藻毒素的主要作用机制.     

工业污染防治主要措施回顾性评价

随着经济和社会高速发展,工业污染控日趋严重,工业污染物排放量处于较高水平,在一些地区大大超过环境承栽能力。要综合解决目前中国在发展中面临的资源浪费和环境污染等比较突出的问题,唯一出路就是建立资源节约型工业生产体系,走新型工业化道路,这是实现中国经济可持续发展战略的关键所在。污染防治措施回顾评价的基本目的,是通过对各省市工业经济生产状况的调查和分析,评价工业污染防治措施实施的效果,并提出改善污染防治措施的建议,以期防治污染和其他公害,保护和改善生活环境与生态环境,保障人体健康,促进经济、社会的可持续发展。