滇池流域荒台地植被恢复工程控制面源污染生态机理

利用标准径流小区技术研究了滇池流域荒台地植被恢复工程对水土及氮磷面源污染物控制效应,用枝叶吸附水量和土壤入渗特征指标评价了恢复的植被树冠截留和径流控制能力,分析了植物枝叶形态特征差异与树冠截留,人工植被恢复与径流调控的关系.结果表明,圣诞树、旱冬瓜和香根草对地表径流、土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失具有良好的控制作用.树冠截留能力强、土壤水库容量大的人工植被系统将导致地表径流、土壤侵蚀、氮磷流失显著减少.叶子小、无角质化、表面粗糙、有表皮毛、含水量低、生物量高,枝表面呈中等粗糙、不分泌脂类物质的植物,具有较高的鲜重吸附水率,能增加人工植被树冠截留.整地过程、植物根系生长和林隙灌草丛的自然恢复改善了荒台地土壤入渗性能,减少了地表径流,最终减轻了面源污染负荷.     

青藏高原城镇化及其动力机制分析

青藏高原由于地处高寒偏远 ,社会经济长期处于落后封闭状态 ,社会经济基础薄弱 ,城镇发展缓慢 ,至1952年青藏高原全境解放时其城镇发展水平很低。其后四十多年来 ,青藏高原城镇得到了很大发展 ,城镇化进程加快。由于自然与人文环境具独特性 ,青藏高原城镇发展和城镇化进程独具特色。高原城镇发展表现为总体落后 ,局部发展加速。城镇化现状特征表现为城镇数量少 ,规模小 ,城镇化水平低 ;城镇发展地域差异明显 ,空间上集中在河谷地区 ,呈沿交通线分布格局 ;城镇经济发展水平较低 ,设施落后 ,职能单一 ,缺乏吸引与辐射能力 ,城镇间经济联系弱 ,未能形成高原城镇体系。高原城镇化主要动力是自上而下型的政府投资拉动 ,然而也出现了一些新的投资主体 ,城镇化动力正向多元化发展。     

生物脱氮技术中好氧反硝化细菌的代谢及应用研究进展

微生物脱氮是水体氮素去除最常用的有效方式,具有高效、经济和二次污染小等特点.好氧反硝化细菌的发现是微生物脱氮技术的重要里程碑,为新型生物脱氮领域的研发提供了新出路.当前,探究好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮特性及各环境因子（如碳源种类、C/N、温度、pH、DO、盐度、重金属含量等）在好氧条件下对反硝化过程的影响已成为污染水体氮素逸出的研究热点.通过总结好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮机制、筛选来源和种类、鉴定、脱氮特性与环境影响因素及其在实际含氮污染水体中的应用,结果表明,好氧反硝化细菌种类丰富、存在环境广泛,脱氮效率一般在50%以上;目前,好氧反硝化细菌脱氮机理的研究主要停留在氮的转化方面,对其中心碳的代谢研究以及碳氮比对反应机理的具体影响尚未明确,需要进一步探究;有关好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮特性研究尚处于实验室小试或中试阶段.建议进一步筛选高效菌群,进行碳氮代谢途径研究,优化好氧反硝化细菌固定化技术,并将其应用于实际工程中,减少水体中的氮素污染,对于实现高效、经济的脱氮具有重要社会价值.      

饮用水水源及水厂内分泌干扰物污染分析

对国内的饮用水水源地内分泌干扰物污染现状进行总结,发现我国饮用水水源地很多地区都存在着内分泌干扰物的污染,由于地域的不同,污染物的种类存在差异,但有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的污染尤为严重。同时对水源地内分泌干扰物的种类、来源及生物学效应进行综述,并对内分泌干扰物的毒性作用机制进行了归纳,发现不同来源的内分泌干扰物,毒性作用机制不同,且一种内分泌干扰物可能同时存在多种作用机制。     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption

The adsorption of lead, cadmium and nicel from aqueous solution by sawdust of walnut was investigated. The effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on metal ions removal has been studied. The equilibrium time was found to be of the order of 60 min. Kinetics fit pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, hence adsorption rate constants were calculated. The adsorption data of metal ions at temperatures of 25, 45 and 60~C have been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy, entropy and enthalpy changes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been computed and discussed. Ion exchange is probably one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding divalent metal ions to the walnut sawdust. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb（I1）~Cd（II）〉Ni（I1）. From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of walnut could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions from aqueous solutions.     

近海赤潮发生与环境条件之间的关系

根据近20a来的有关资料，综述了近海赤潮发生与气象，水文，化学及生物等环境条件之间的关系。结果表明，赤潮发生与气象，水文，化学及生物条件之间的关系非常密切，但目前这些关系的研究多数只停留在定性分析上，而定量和半定量的研究则很少，有关环境条件对赤潮发生机理的影响尚不清楚，有待进一步深入研究。     

国内《安全系统工程》教材的评述与展望

《安全系统工程》教材高质量编写和出版对高级安全人才的安全系统理论与实践水平的培养具有重要意义。本文首先对国内30多年来出版的《安全系统工程》教材内容进行分析,评述现有《安全系统工程》教材存在的问题和不足,并提出建议对策;然后,从安全系统工程的基础术语和《安全系统工程》新教材的提纲2方面对新教材的编写提出展望。研究表明:安全系统工程新教材编写需要充分体现系统工程思想及其基础理论、内容需要不断更新并与国际接轨,这样的教材才能对安全系统工程的教学和科研更具参考价值。     

Formation mechanisms of nitrous acid (HONO) during the haze and non-haze periods in Beijing, China

As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. Here, an observation of HONO and relevant air pollutants in an urban site of Beijing from 14 to 28 April, 2017 was performed. Two distinct peaks of HONO concentrations occurred during the observation. In contrast, the concentration of particulate matter in the first period (period Ⅰ) was significantly higher than that in the second period (period Ⅱ). Comparing to HONO sources in the two periods, we found that the direct vehicle emission was an essential source of the ambient HONO during both periods at night, especially in period Ⅱ. The heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ was the dominant source in period Ⅰ, while the homogeneous reaction of NO with OH was more critical source at night in period Ⅱ. In the daytime, the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ was a significant source and was confirmed by the good correlation coefficients (R²) between the unknown sources (P_unknown) with NO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂ × PM_2.5 in period Ⅰ. Moreover, when solar radiation and OH radicals were considered to explore unknown sources in the daytime, the enhanced correlation of P_unknown with photolysis rate of NO₂ and OH ($J_{{\mathrm{NO}}_2}$ × OH) were 0.93 in period Ⅰ, 0.95 in period Ⅱ. These excellent correlation coefficients suggested that the unknown sources released HONO highly related to the solar radiation and the variation of OH radicals.     

数字经济何以推动乡村生态振兴？——基于中国省级面板数据的经验证据

数字经济具有生态化的本质，是提高乡村生态演进韧性、全面推进乡村振兴的关键动力。在系统梳理数字经济对乡村生态振兴影响的直接机制、中介机制基础上，本文利用2010—2020年省级面板数据，运用固定效应模型、中介效应模型等方法，多维度实证考察了数字经济对乡村生态振兴的影响机制。研究结果表明：数字经济发展显著推动了乡村生态振兴，在运用分时间段检验、剔除特殊值方法进行稳健性检验后，该结论仍然成立。数字经济发展对乡村“三生”环境的影响大小有所差异，对乡村生活绿色宜居化的影响最大，对乡村生产绿色低碳化的影响次之，对乡村生态本底品质化的影响最小。中介效应显示，农村经济增长、绿色科技创新和环境规制都是数字经济助力生态振兴的重要机制。异质性分析表明，数字经济影响乡村生态振兴的效应大小呈现出“西部>中部>东部”态势，总体上，中西部地区数字经济的绿色赋能效应更为显著。因此，应强化农村数字基础设施建设，充分发挥数字经济在农村生态经济增长点培育、企业绿色科技创新及环境监管、宣教引导等方面的作用，因地制宜以差异化的数字化策略提升赋能乡村生态振兴的有效性。     

Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human–bird conflicts

Because of the significant impacts on both human interests and bird conservation, it is imperative to identify patterns and anticipate drivers of human–bird conflicts (HBCs) worldwide. Through a global systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analyzed the socioeconomic factors and bird ecological traits driving the degree of knowledge and extent of HBCs. We included 166 articles published from 1971 to 2020 in our analyses through which we built a profile of the socioeconomic conditions of 52 countries with reported conflicts and the ecological traits of the 161 bird species involved in HBCs. Although HBC expanded worldwide, it had the greatest impact in less-developed countries (estimate 0. 66 [SE 0.13], p< 0.05), where agriculture is critical for rural livelihoods. Species with a relatively greater conflict extent had a relatively broader diet (estimate 0.80 [SE 0.22], p<0.05) and an increasing population trend (estimate 0.58 [SE 0.15], p<0.05) and affected human interests, such as agriculture and livestock raising. In countries with greater biodiversity, HBCs caused greater socioeconomic impacts than in more developed countries. Our results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing HBCs from multiple perspectives (ecological, sociocultural, and political) to effectively protect both biodiversity and local livelihoods.