Alignment between values of dryland pastoralists and conservation needs for small mammals

Policies for conservation outside protected areas, such as those designed to address the decline in Australian mammals, will not result in net improvements unless they address barriers to proenvironmental behavior. We used a mixed‐methods approach to explore potential value‐action gaps (disconnects between values and subsequent action) for small mammal conservation behaviors among pastoralists in dryland Australia. Using semistructured surveys and open‐ended interviews (n = 43), we explored values toward small mammals; uptake of a range of current and intended actions that may provide benefit to small mammals; and potential perceived barriers to their uptake. Pastoralists assigned great conservation value to small mammals; over 80% (n = 36) agreed to strongly agreed that small mammals on their property were important. These values did not translate into stated willingness to engage in voluntary cessation of wild‐dog control (r² = 0.187, p = 0.142, n = 43). However, assigning great conservation value to small mammals was strongly related to stated voluntary willingness to engage in the proenvironmental behavior most likely to result in benefits to small mammals: cat and fox control (r² = 0.558, p = 0.000, n = 43). There was no significant difference between stated voluntarily and incentivized willingness to engage in cat and fox control (p = 0.862, n = 43). The high levels of willingness to engage in voluntary cat and fox control highlight a potential entry point for addressing Australia's mammal declines because the engagement of pastoralists in conservation programs targeting cat and fox control is unlikely to be prevented by attitudinal constraints. Qualitative data suggest there is likely a subpopulation of pastoralists who value small mammals but do not wish to engage in formal conservation programs due to relational barriers with potential implementers. A long‐term commitment to engagement with pastoralists by implementers will thus be necessary for conservation success. On‐property cat and fox control programs that build and leverage trust, shared goals, collaboration, and shared learning experiences between stakeholders and that explicitly recognize the complexity of small mammal dynamics and the property‐level ecological knowledge of pastoralists are more likely to gain traction.     

Mental models of safety: do managers and employees see eye to eye?

PROBLEM: Disagreements between managers and employees about the causes of accidents and unsafe work behaviors can lead to serious workplace conflicts and distract organizations from the important work of establishing positive safety climate and reducing the incidence of accidents. METHOD AND RESULTS: In this study, the authors examine a model for predicting safe work behaviors and establish the model's consistency across managers and employees in a steel plant setting. Using the model previously described by Brown, Willis, and Prussia (2000), the authors found that when variables influencing safety are considered within a framework of safe work behaviors, managers and employees share a similar mental model. The study then contrasts employees' and managers' specific attributional perceptions. Findings from these more fine-grained analyses suggest the two groups differ in several respects about individual constructs. Most notable were contrasts in attributions based on their perceptions of safety climate. When perceived climate is poor, managers believe employees are responsible and employees believe managers are responsible for workplace safety. However, as perceived safety climate improves, managers and employees converge in their perceptions of who is responsible for safety. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: It can be concluded from this study that in a highly interdependent work environment, such as a steel mill, where high system reliability is essential and members possess substantial experience working together, managers and employees will share general mental models about the factors that contribute to unsafe behaviors, and, ultimately, to workplace accidents. It is possible that organizations not as tightly coupled as steel mills can use such organizations as benchmarks, seeking ways to create a shared understanding of factors that contribute to a safe work environment. Part of this improvement effort should focus on advancing organizational safety climate. As climate improves, managers and employees are likely to agree more about the causes of safe/unsafe behaviors and workplace accidents, ultimately increasing their ability to work in unison to prevent accidents and to respond appropriately when they do occur. Finally, the survey items included in this study may be useful to organizations wishing to conduct self-assessments.     

EVIDENCE OF CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR IN SINGAPORE RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the investigation of the existence of chaotic behavior in the Singapore rainfall data. The procedure for the determination of the minimum number of variables essential and the number of variables sufficient to model the dynamics of the rainfall process was studied. An analysis of the rainfall behavior of different time periods was also conducted. The correlation dimension was used as a basis for discriminating stochastic and chaotic behaviors. Daily rainfall records for durations of 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 years from six stations were analyzed. The delay time for the phase-space reconstruction was computed using the autocorrelation function approach. The results provide positive evidence of the existence of chaotic behavior in the daily rainfall data. The minimum number of variables essential to model the dynamics of the rainfall process was identified to be 3 while the number of variables sufficient to model the dynamics of the rainfall process ranges from 11 to 18. The results also suggest that the attractor dimensions of rainfall data of longer time periods are higher than that of shorter time periods. The study suggests a minimum number of 1500 data points required for the computation of the correlation dimension of the rainfall data.     

氯代苯在鱼体内富集和释放行为的研究

运用快速测定ＢＣＦ的方法,研究了７种氯代苯在鲤鱼体内富集和释放的行为。实验结果表明,用脂肪含量标化的ＢＣＦＬ与辛醇分配系数Ｋｏｗ吻合较好,吸收速率常数（Ｋ１２）、释放速率常数（Ｋ２１）和生物富集系数的对数值与ｌｇＫｏｗ有较好的相关关系;对于高脂溶性氯代苯,由于其结构的庞大,影响富集过程,所以本文采用了分子表面积对拟合的线性方程进行了校正．改善了ｌｇｋ１２和ｌｇＫｏｗ之间的线性关系。     

The safety observer effect: the effects of conducting safety observations

INTRODUCTION: Some research suggests that conducting safety observations of another's safety performance may serve as an effective tool in increasing the safety performance of the observer. The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of conducting safety observations on the postural safety performance of observers engaging in an assembly task for short time periods. The secondary objectives of the study were: (a) to measure productivity, and (b) to measure the accuracy of participant safety observations. METHOD: An ABC (A: baseline, B: information, C: observation) multiple-baseline design counterbalanced across postural behaviors (back, shoulder, and feet position) was implemented with six participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Substantial improvements in postural safety occurred after participants conducted safety observations, and these improvements did not appear to negatively affect productivity. Results also suggest that there is no relation between the accuracy of an observer's safety observation and their subsequent safety performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This research provides evidence that a safety observation process can function to increase safe postural behavior of observers. Thus, the implementation of such a process may contribute to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and related costs in the workplace.     

煤矿安全管理中的常见组织错误及其防控途径

组织错误研究是人误研究的新方向,它是引发事故的根本原因。本文在总结组织错误理论研究现状的基础上,对组织错误理论的定义进行重新梳理,分析了煤矿安全管理中的组织行为,揭示了我国煤矿安全管理中常见的组织错误问题及其危害,提出防控途径和措施,为有效地预防和减少因组织错误而导致的煤矿事故,加强煤矿的组织安全管理提供理论支撑。文中指出了不健全的制度、不规范的培训、不系统的管理、不合理的奖惩等是煤矿存在的主要组织错误,并分别提出了相应的预防措施,从深层次着手,多角度进行管理,力争解决这些问题。本文为研究下一步煤矿安全管理中各种组织错误的发生演化路径及其规律,揭示我国现阶段煤矿安全管理中组织错误发展的规律提供了理论基础。     

“不谴责”安全文化的机理与运用

安全生产的形势正在实现持续好转,但因人员违章和不安全行为引发的事故仍未根本杜绝,人因问题成为当今安全管理和文化建设研究一项十分重要的课题。通过行为安全研究和管理体系分析表明,规章制度的完整性、有效性、可操作性及员工的接受能力等因素,都将影响到员工遵章程度和安全行为。不加区分对待和从管理的深层次剖析,对违章和不安全行为一律强调和执行严厉处罚的纪律处理,并不能很好的解决人员违章问题。本文通过对人员行为安全、规章制度建设和管理体系的全面分析,阐述了＂不谴责＂安全文化建设的工作原理,针对不同的安全管理阶段和工作实际,提出了推行基于＂公平和公正＂这一＂不谴责＂安全文化的具体对策,对解决企业当前安全管理工作中所遇到的一些问题,有一定的指导意义。     

典型娱乐场所火灾期间人员行为分析

建筑火灾的频发,引起人们对火灾过程中人员行为的极大关注。利用视频信息提取典型公共娱乐场所火灾过程中不同人员在火灾迹象觉察和确认时间的差异,又结合FDS模拟得到的火灾温度场变化规律,分析了人员在火灾期间的不同行为表现以及相应的非理性心理状态,指出了相关的主客观原因,有利于加强人们的火灾灾害意识和安全逃生意识;同时文中的相关结论也可以为建筑物消防性能化设计、人员安全疏散提供参考。     

太白山旅游者行为研究——从博客分析视角

利用百度、Google等搜索引擎得到关于太白山的游记100篇,采用文本分析方法分析了太白山游客的行为特征.结果表明,猎奇探险是太白山游客的旅游动机,游客出游时间大部分集中在每年的5月和10月,5人同行登山的最多,网络联系组团的比率很高,太白山游客偏好于徒步行,大多数游客选择厚畛子上山、汤峪下山这一条路线.     

Individual-Oriented and Neighborhood Protecting Health Actions: The Critical Role of Environmental Education Seeking Behavior

A relationship between individual health-oriented actions and neighborhood civic activities is proposed, as is a relationship between these behaviors and a personality that seeks information from multiple sources. The proposed relationship was tested with a sample of 367 residents of New Jersey, USA. Respondents who had their eyes examined and screening tests for chronic diseases, and engaged in other individually oriented health-protecting behaviors were also more likely to have engaged in neighborhood civic activities, such as calling on elected officials and participating in neighborhood functions. As expected, specific personality attributes were associated with both sets of health-protecting activities, including outreach to multiple sources for information and help, a strong sense of efficacy, and trust of authority and neighbors. The relationship between personality and health-protecting behaviors was confounded by age and formal education. However, the relationship with personality measures persisted after controlling for age and education. The shortcomings of the research are reviewed, and implications of these observations for building a broader theory that links environmental education to civic engagement and individual health-protecting behaviors are discussed.