Emissions of volatile hydrocarbons from floating roof tanks and their local dispersion: Considerations for normal operation and in case of damage

This work investigates the release and dispersion of volatile organic hydrocarbons, which may escape from external floating roof tanks (EFRT) during normal operation or in case of damage. The dispersion will be described using CFD simulations in close range of the EFRT where hazardous areas are assigned. The aim of this work is to investigate which events can lead to emissions in dangerous quantities and to estimate the corresponding likelihood with regard to explosion protection. An emission in hazardous amount is present if the lower explosion limit has been exceeded and if the extent of this emission is not too low. It is discussed in particular whether the used zoning of potentially explosive areas is conservative or over-conservative.     

澳门屋面径流特征初步研究

在澳门半岛选取4个屋面汇水区,进行降雨屋面径流水样的收集与水质分析,监测项目包括:pH、浊度、TN、CODCr、TOC、Zn、Pb、Cu、Fe.研究结果表明,生锈铁皮屋的屋面径流水样中Zn平均浓度值超出国家地表水V类标准的2倍以上,TN和CODCr也超出地表水V类标准.屋面材料对屋面径流输出影响显著.从3场降雨事件不同屋面材料的径流水质参数的平均浓度值看,Zn和Pb的浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.Pb浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.而其它水质参数,如CODCr、TOC、TN,铁皮屋面的浓度值均大于混凝土.屋面径流排污规律和污染物浓度输出具有不确定性,且受降雨干期长度和降雨强度等因素的综合影响.     

石膏矿采空区顶板冒落冲击气浪传播规律及安全防范研究

为探索石膏矿采空区顶板冒落灾害形成及演化过程中的微观动力学行为,以某危害型石膏矿为研究背景,选择"打气筒"模型进行了空场法采空区顶板冒落相似物理模拟试验,并利用高速摄像及纹影技术,直观地记录分析冲击气浪产生时流场在直线型、转弯型、独头式模型巷道处的传播规律及变化特性.结果表明,在直线型巷道内传播时,冲击气浪并非按直线传递,而是气浪前端阵面会发生回转,与气浪尾部和后续的气浪叠加、交混,一起向前传递.在转弯型巷道中,冲击气浪传播至巷道转弯处时,气浪会马上在此改变传播方向,开始沿着转弯方向,向巷道出口传播.当气浪完全通过此处后,由于巷道围岩和空气的阻力,冲击气浪前端部分气流又会回流至此,进行二次破坏.在独头式巷道中传播时,由于巷道一端封合密闭,气体无法涌出,气浪无法在独头巷道中顺利向前传递,而是与巷道中的气浪相互叠加、碰撞,持续地、无规则地流动.     

Removal of VOCs emitted from p-xylene liquid storage tanks by a full-scale compost biofilter

A full-scale compost biofilter system (CBS) was built to treat vapor losses emitted from three analogous vertical fixed roof p-xylene (p-X) liquid storage tanks of 7500 m³ total working volume. The CBS showed a stable and efficient treatment of standing loss (L_S) and working loss (L_W) with an average removal efficiency of 95.4% through 18-month standing storage and filling operation of the tanks. The weight of activated carbon employed in the concentration buffer influences the CBS performance for L_W treatment under high organic loads. The daily average pressure drops across biofilter bed displayed very low with a maximum of 7.6 mm-H₂O. This reflects that the CBS can be operated without stress and compression of biofilter bed and thus reduce maintenance frequency. No additional inputs of chemicals and fuels along with low electricity and water usage helped in its prolonged operation and increased its cost effectiveness. These advantages make the CSB become a promising control technology of vapor losses emitted from fixed roof organic liquid storage tanks.     

安顺煤矿超前排放钻孔有效排放半径研究及应用

为了解决瓦斯排放孔半径测定过程中由于方法选择和操作等原因而出现的测定结果不够准确,以及由此而导致的空白带出现问题,通过现场试验,采用钻屑解吸指标法测定的方法,通过对测定结果进行综合分析、修正,确定安顺煤矿Φ42 mm直径的排放钻孔有效作用半径为R0.25 m,Φ90 mm直径的排放钻孔有效作用半径为R0.55 m,经实践证明是准确和可靠的,排放钻孔措施在实施过程中有效地避免了空白带的出现。     

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM FOUR SELECTED RESIDENTIAL ROOFS1

ABSTRACT: Storm runoff from four characteristic types of residential roofs and incident rainwater were monitored for 47 storm events over a six-month period at Nacogdoches, Texas, to study water quality conditions for 20 element and four chemical variables. The total element concentration in storm runoff from each roof type was greater than that of rainwater in the open. Differences in element concentrations in storm runoff among the four roof types were statistically significant (α≤ 0.05) with the differences for the wood shingle roof being the greatest and that for terra cotta clay roof being the least. The median concentrations of four element variables exceeded the Texas surface water quality standards, while 12 variables exceeded the standards at least one time in all samples collected. Zinc concentrations violated the Standard ranging from 85.7 percent of the samples for the wood shingle roof to 66.0 percent for the composite shingle, the greatest exceedances of all 24 variables studied. Storm characteristics and gutter maintenance level had some effects on these water quality conditions. The study suggested that roof types can be important to water pollution management programs. More detailed studies on roof water quality in major municipalities are required.     

A CRAZY IDEA ON URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT?1

ABSTRACT. High percentage of imperviousness in the city is the source of storm runoff. Roof area contributes significantly to the imperviousness. An attempt to make use of roofs as urban flood control device and water conservation measure is advocated. Two different schemes, one for built-up industrial-commercial area, the other for residential area, are suggested. The former utilizes the roof as detention reservoir for flood control, the latter employs recharge pit to convert runoff into ground water resource. The proposed schemes are not only hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally sound but also economically feasible. It is worth considering in the future planning of urban renewal and urban development.     

高档普采工作面端面顶板的有效支护

端面顶板是高档普采工作面顶板管理的重点，分析了п型钢梁支护法的不足，提出了一种新的支护方法，通过应用取得了良好效果。     

瓦斯抽采二次膨胀封孔材料膨胀机理及应用研究

为降低瓦斯抽采漏气,开发了1种具备后期膨胀的二次膨胀材料（DE）,以水泥基材料为对比样,利用自制的膨胀力测试装置,以XRD和SEM分别表征其膨胀力及微观结构。研究结果表明:相比水泥基材料,DE材料的膨胀力明显,并表现出显著的时间效应,且DE材料的膨胀力随约束刚度增大而增大;水化1 d时, DE材料较水泥基材料生成更多的钙矾石（AFt）晶体;随着DE材料水化,AFt晶体不断增多,且水化7 d后AFt晶体发生延迟膨胀,这是引起DE材料后期膨胀的主要因素;工程应用表明DE材料可提高瓦斯抽采浓度及纯量,有效改善抽采效果。     

Overview of a combined computational–experimental evaluation for the assessment of panoramic sunroof impact characteristics for ejection mitigation

Abstract

Objective: To meet increasing customer demand, many vehicle manufacturers are now offering a panoramic sunroof option in their vehicle lineup. Currently, there is no regulatory or consumer test aimed at assessing the potential for ejection mitigation of roof glazing, which leaves manufacturers to develop internal performance standards to guide designs. The goal of this study was to characterize the variety of occupant-to-roof impacts involving unbelted occupants in rollover crashes to determine the ranges of possible effective masses and impact velocities. This information can be used to define occupant retention requirements and performance criteria for roof glazing in occupant ejection protection.

Methods: This study combined computational (MADYMO and LS-Dyna) simulations of occupant kinematics in rollover crashes with laboratory rollover crash tests using the dynamic rollover test system (DRoTS) and linked them through controlled anthropomorphic test device (ATD)-to-roof (“drop”) impact tests. The DRoTS and the ATD drop tests were performed to explore impact scenarios and estimate dummy-to-roof impact impulses. Next, 13 sets of vehicle kinematics and deformation data were extracted from a combination of vehicle dynamics and finite element model simulations that reconstructed variations of rollover crash cases from the field data. Then occupant kinematics data were extracted from a full-factorial sensitivity study that used MADYMO simulations to investigate how changes in anthropometry and seating position would affect occupant–roof impacts across all 13 cases. Finite element (FE) simulations of ATD and Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) human body model (HBM) roof impacts were performed to investigate the most severe cases from the MADYMO simulations to generate a distribution of head-to-roof impact energies.

Results: From the multiparameter design of experiment and experimental study, kinematics and energy output were extracted and analyzed. Based on dummy-to-roof impact force and dummy-to-roof impact velocity, the most severe rollover scenarios were identified. In the DRoTS experiments followed by the drop tests, the range of identified impact velocities was between 2 and 5.8 m/s. However, computational simulations of the rollover crashes showed higher impact velocities and similar effective masses. The largest dummy-to-roof impact velocity was 11 m/s.

Conclusions: This study combined computational and experimental analyses to determine a range of possible unbelted occupant-to-roof impact energies. These results can be used to determine design parameters for an impactor for the assessment of the risk of roof glazing ejection for unbelted occupants in rollover crashes.