不同粒径近地表大气尘元素分配规律研究——以成都经济区为例

将不同地貌单元和城市不同功能区的近地表大气尘机械筛分,分析其粒度组成和化学组成特征及其相互关系,以探讨元素在不同粒径大气尘颗粒中的分配规律。研究结果表明:近地表大气尘颗粒粒径主要集中在300~400目(38.5~54μm),其中城市和丘陵地区质量分数最高,达56.596%~68.493%。化学组成上,人为扰动重金属元素,除Pb本底值比较高外,总体上城市高于丘陵和山区;Al2O3、Na2O、SiO2、Ti、Zr等稳定元素总体上,随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐增大;Mn、P、S等元素,总体上随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐减小。Pb、Zn、Cr等人为扰动元素,大粒径近地表大气尘元素含量稍大于小粒径元素含量,但小粒径元素含量总体上仍呈现随粒径的减小而逐渐增大的趋势。     

基于电阻率法的垃圾渗滤液渗漏及迁移规律动态监测技术探讨

为探讨垃圾渗滤液侵入地下介质的动态变化过程,引入基于电阻率法原理的地球物理探测手段,开展室内和室外渗滤液污染扩散的动态监测试验。结果表明,渗滤液在土壤中的扩散过程会引起不同时期视电阻率低阻异常区的动态变化,且变化幅度和污染程度存在一定量化关系,基于此特征可确定渗漏点和渗滤液扩散区的污染范围、程度及趋势。     

太原地区大气污染物输送特征分析

使用太原地区历史气候资料讨论了太原市大气污染物向外输送的规律.通过对飞机航测、地面监测和低空同步气象观测资料的综合研究,对太原市大气污染物向太原盆地中、南部的输送通道和SO2向气溶胶转化等方面提出了进一步的认识.     

Developing an expert prognosis system of the reciprocating compressor based on associations among monitoring parameters and maintenance records

The reciprocating compressor is, in general, a critical equipment in a process plant. For certain ultra-high-pressure process, if the reciprocating compressor fails, often it will cause serious impact to not just the compressor itself, but also the process surrounds it. To prevent compressors from failures, an expert diagnosis system is needed. However, the traditional rule-based expert system is quite inefficient and difficult to create.For an expert prognosis system that is customized to meet needs of a specific process, one needs to refer to plant maintenance history, which is hard to come by due to the fact that most maintenance was poorly documented. This research attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of developing an expert prognosis system through implementation of association rules. Rather than mining from maintenance history, records of failure cases were collected from technical journal articles by extracting information containing failure symptoms and causes on failed components, that mimicking repair history. In total, 115 failure information out from 41 journal articles were gathered. Applications of this approach to practical use in a process plant is easy by replacing the failure information table with that from datamining the repair history. The failure information was first tabulated and then put through association analysis for support, confidence, and lift between two parameters. The demonstration program has been successful with 1-to-1, many-to-1, and many-to-many analysis among failed components, failure modes, and operation parameters.     

Test case based risk predictions using artificial neural network

INTRODUCTION: The traditional fuzzy-rule-based risk assessment technique has been applied in many industries due to the capability of combining different parameters to obtain an overall risk. However, a drawback occurs as the technique is applied in circumstances where there are multiple parameters to be evaluated that are described by multiple linguistic terms. METHOD: In this study, a risk prediction model incorporating fuzzy set theory and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capable of resolving the problem encountered is proposed. An algorithm capable of converting the risk-related parameters and the overall risk level from the fuzzy property to the crisp-valued attribute is also developed. Its application is demonstrated by a test case evaluating the navigational safety within port areas. RESULTS: It is concluded that a risk predicting ANN model is capable of generating reliable results as long as the training data takes into account any potential circumstance that may be met. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This paper provides safety assessment practitioners with a novel and flexible framework of modelling risks using a fuzzy-rule-base technique. It is especially applicable in circumstances where there are multiple parameters to be considered. The proposed framework also enables the port industry to manage navigational safety in a rational manner.     

Costs of Arsenic Treatment for Potable Water in California and Comparison to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Affordability Metrics1

Hilkert Colby, Elizabeth J., Thomas M. Young, Peter G. Green, and Jeannie L. Darby, 2010. Costs of Arsenic Treatment for Potable Water in California and Comparison to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Affordability Metrics. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1238–1254. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00488.x Abstract: The United States (U.S.) federal standard for arsenic in potable water systems is only the second water quality standard in which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) administrator used “discretionary authority to establish a less stringent standard” based on the results of cost-benefit analyses. Based on the findings that a “standard of 3 μg/l would be feasible but not justified,” the revised maximum contaminant level (MCL) lowered the allowable arsenic concentration from 50 to 10 μg/l in 2002. In 2009, approximately 145 systems in California were out of compliance. The objectives were to gather performance and cost data from arsenic treatment systems in California to compare with data from the USEPA demonstration sites as well as with the USEPA affordability metrics for drinking water. The median cost of compliance with the revised arsenic MCL for the 36 surveyed systems was $1.95/1,000 gallons (2008 dollars), which is 69% of the average cost of delivered tap water in the U.S. in 2008 ($2.81/1,000 gallons). Additionally, 22% of the surveyed systems in California paid more than the maximum predicted cost of compliance with the revised arsenic MCL ($5.05/1,000 gallons). The largest variation in cost was seen in the systems that treated <500 gpm. For the systems utilizing adsorption, systems obtained between 20 and 80% of the expected bed volumes prior to breakthrough, indicating the need for better prediction of performance.     

基于MATLAB的火灾探测报警系统寿命分布和可靠度研究

基于不同的系统可靠性寿命分布类型对应的可靠度模型,介绍4种常见的系统可靠性寿命分布模型的适用情况、特征、规律。根据概率论和数理统计相关理论,研究在MATLAB下判断系统寿命分布模型的方法,利用MATLAB函数对模型参数进行估计,构建系统可靠度模型。并以某商场的火灾探测报警系统作为研究对象,收集一段时间的系统故障数据,运用MATLAB数值分析方法,得出火灾探测报警系统的可靠度模型,找出系统可靠度随使用寿命的变化规律。结果表明:计算得到的商场火灾探测报警系统的可靠度随着使用时间变化规律与实际情况基本吻合。     

高温耐磨粘结铜除铜工艺研究

目的获得经济且环境友好型化学溶解高温耐磨粘结铜的工艺。方法采用正交实验获得化学溶解除铜的最佳工艺参数,利用电化学手段测试铜及炮管基体在两种溶液体系最优配方中的E-t曲线和极化曲线,通过连续失重法分析铜在腐蚀溶液中的腐蚀溶解规律,并观察溶解后的表面形貌。结果化学溶解除铜工艺最优配方分别为过氧化氢-柠檬酸(H2O2(质量分数为0.8%)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为6 g/L)+温度θ为30℃+pH值为10)、溴酸钾-柠檬酸(KBrO3(质量浓度为30 g/L)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为30 g/L)+温度为30℃+pH值为10)。腐蚀溶解初始阶段,铜基体表面氧化膜逐渐溶解破坏,腐蚀电位变负,溶解速率加快,随后铜基体裸露,进入稳定溶解过程,反应速率逐渐趋于稳定。在溴酸钾-柠檬酸体系中铜的自腐蚀电流密度比过氧化氢-柠檬酸体系中高2个数量极,表现出更强的阳极活化能力和腐蚀溶解速度。结论铜在两种溶液体系中表现出快速稳定的溶解速度,炮管基体的腐蚀速率比铜小2~3个数量级,具有良好的耐蚀能力。     

基于关联规则的跑道着陆事件演化网络构建研究*

为了提高航空运输系统安全性,针对航空器着陆过程中冲偏出和重着陆事件的关联机理开展研究。以84起跑道着陆事故调查报告为样本,利用Python分词工具提取风险因素并建立跑道着陆事件数据集,应用Apriori算法挖掘风险因素间关联规则,基于复杂网络理论构建该类事件演化网络,分析社团结构和拓扑特征。研究结果表明:本文所构建的网络密度为0.143,网络较为紧密,风险因素间强关联;网络社团结构显著,符合飞行操纵、运行状态、运行环境、不利条件的分类特点;网络关键节点“航线训练”、“接地速度大”综合值分别为0.599 8、0.589 0。研究结果可为飞行安全研究提供新思路。     

煤巷迎头深部瓦斯赋存规律的实验数据分析

根据近两年来对不同矿区、不同煤层的不同煤巷掘进工作面迎头深部瓦斯赋存量以及突出预测数据的现场及实验室测定结果,得出一个在动态应力场作用下的工作面(掘进、回采)迎头深部瓦斯赋存量随深度变化的一个驼峰曲线,即工作面迎头深部的瓦斯赋存量受采动的影响而在不太深的位置处(如5~10m)会产生一个赋存峰,随着深度的增加瓦斯赋存量并非随之一直增大,其分布特征也与现有认识不尽相同。该测定结果为解释和研究工作面迎头深部的瓦斯运移、应力场分布、突出预测等提供了一个现场数据结论,为煤岩体流变模型的建立提供了相应的参考,也提出针对测定结果的疑问。