Cognitive processes in procedural justice judgments: The role of ease‐of‐retrieval,uncertainty, and experience

In a field experiment with 517 job applicants, the processes underlying the formation of procedural justice judgments were investigated. It was hypothesized that procedural justice judgments may be based not only on content information (e.g., “What are fair aspects of the selection procedure?”), but also on the felt ease or difficulty with which this content information can be retrieved from memory (ease‐of‐retrieval; e.g., “How easily can I recall fair aspects of the selection procedure?”). Evaluations of the company's online application procedure show that job candidates based procedural justice judgments on content information or on ease‐of‐retrieval, depending on their uncertainty regarding the online application procedure as well as their prior experiences with online applications. Specifically, experienced applicants who felt certain based their judgments on ease‐of‐retrieval, whereas all other applicants based their judgments on content information. Implications for research on the formation of justice judgments as well as practical applications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高温环境下18650型锂离子电池热失控过程的数值分析

采用ANSYS对高温条件下铜棒代替锂离子电池的空白试验进行数值模拟,获得拟合的陶瓷化纤棉毯的比热容;然后对18650型锂离子电池的热响应进行模拟,通过模拟结果与试验数据的比较分析,获得锂离子电池内部的反应放热量;最后应用得出的陶瓷化纤棉毯比热容和化学反应热对高温环境下18650型锂离子电池的热失控进行模拟,研究18650型锂离子电池热失控的变化规律.结果表明:20W加热条件下,锂离子电池的放热反应热为30 kJ;锂离子电池在加热1 287 s后发生热失控,热失控持续113 s后锂离子电池温度达最高,之后开始缓慢减小;锂离子电池热失控温度为500 K,热失控前温度几乎是线性增加,之后热失控导致温度迅速增加(呈指数倍增长);锂离子电池保温材料陶瓷化纤棉毯的温度变化是非线性的.     

An incident investigation on an unexpected loss of containment and damage to PHI-TEC II during acrylonitrile runaway tests

This article investigates a laboratory incident that occurred during the analysis of a thermal runaway reaction of acrylonitrile monomer. This failure, which was attributed to an human error, resulted in financial losses and corresponding unexpected results. The incident not only damaged the interior of the vessel and other instrument parts, but also exposed the researchers to considerable danger, necessitating their escape from the laboratory. The failure characteristics are discussed, and countermeasures are developed to prevent such a type of incident from reoccurring.     

Thermal risk in batch reactors: Theoretical framework for runaway and accident

Thermal safety and risk of accidents are still challenging topics in the case of batch reactors carrying exothermic reactions. In the present paper, the authors develop an integrated framework focusing on defining the governing parameters for the thermal runaway and evaluating the subsequent risk of accident. A relevant set of criteria are identified in order to find the prior conditions for a thermal runaway: failure of the cooling system, critical temperature threshold, successive derivatives of the temperature (first and second namely) vs. time and no detection in due time (reaction time) of the runaway initiation. For illustrative purposes, the synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and acetic acid (AA) is considered as case study. The critical and threshold values for the runaway accident are identified for selected sets of input data. Under the conditional probability of prior cooling system failure, Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to estimate the risk of thermal runaway accident in batch reactors. It becomes then possible to predict the ratio of reactors, within an industrial plant, potentially subject to thermal runaway accident.     

Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials: A review

The heterogeneous Fenton reaction can generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals(·OH)from reactions between recyclable solid catalysts and H_2O_2 at acidic or even circumneutral pH.Hence,it can effectively oxidize refractory organics in water or soils and has become a promising environmentally friendly treatment technology.Due to the complex reaction system,the mechanism behind heterogeneous Fenton reactions remains unresolved but fascinating,and is crucial for understanding Fenton chemistry and the development and application of efficient heterogeneous Fenton technologies.Iron-based materials usually possess high catalytic activity,low cost,negligible toxicity and easy recovery,and are a superior type of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts.Therefore,this article reviews the fundamental but important interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials..OH,hydroperoxyl radicals/superoxide anions(HO_2./O_2~-.)and high-valent iron are the three main types of reactive oxygen species(ROS),with different oxidation reactivity and selectivity.Based on the mechanisms of ROS generation,the interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton systems can be classified as the homogeneous Fenton mechanism induced by surface-leached iron,the heterogeneous catalysis mechanism,and the heterogeneous reaction-induced homogeneous mechanism.Different heterogeneous Fenton systems catalyzed by characteristic iron-based materials are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,related future research directions are also suggested.     

Experimental study on thermal runaway risk of 18650 lithium ion battery under side-heating condition

To simulate the heat transfer process between lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), an electric heater with the same size and shape as LIB in this work is used to trigger thermal runaway event. The effect of state of charge (SOC), the power of heater, the cell spacing on thermal behavior of LIB was investigated as well the amount of transferred heat between the heater and LIB was calculated. The results indicate that 50% SOC is an unstable state for LIB, that a stronger jet flame becomes more likely when the SOC of LIB is higher than 50%. Additionally, the increased spacing, lower heating power and SOC can contribute to mitigate the severity of thermal runaway behavior. Further, the dominant path of heat transfer between the heater and LIB will also vary with operating conditions. The heat conduction through air is the main heat transfer path in tests with lower heating power. However, heat radiation will replace heat conduction as the primary heat transfer mode when there is a large temperature difference between the heater and LIB in tests with higher heating power. Understanding the leading heat transfer path between LIBs can provide valuable guidelines for the safety design of lithium-ion battery modules.     

基于VSP2的引发剂质量分数对醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控特性及安全泄放设计影响研究

为了解决醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控所引起的超压问题,通过VSP2绝热量热仪研究了醋酸乙烯聚合反应的失控特性,并通过Leung's法对某醋酸乙烯聚合反应器的安全泄放面积进行了计算;然后,在其他条件不变的情况下,研究引发剂质量分数对失控特性和泄放面积的影响,结果表明,引发剂质量分数对反应总放热量的影响不大,体系绝热温升为105~115℃;但引发剂质量分数越大,失控反应的最大温升速率和最大压升速率越大。这是因为引发剂质量分数越大,在相同泄放压力和最大累积压力下,单位质量反应物的放热速率就越大,也就需要更大的泄放面积;最后,引入无量纲数W~*、G~*和A~*,拟合出它们与引发剂质量分数X*的关系式,结果表明,在研究范围内所需安全泄放面积随引发剂质量分数线性增大。     

Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing: A model sensitivity study

Most previous O₃ simulations were based only on gaseous phase photochemistry. However, some aerosol-related processes, namely, heterogeneous reactions occurring on the aerosol surface and photolysis rate alternated by aerosol radiative influence, may affect O₃ photochemistry under high aerosol loads. A three-dimensional air quality model, Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution, was employed to simulate the effects of the above-mentioned processes on O₃ formation under typical high O₃ episodes in Beijing during summer. Five heterogeneous reactions, i.e., NO₂, NO₃, N₂O₅, HO₂, and O₃, were individually investigated to elucidate their effects on O₃ formation. The results showed that the heterogeneous reactions significantly affected O₃ formation in the urban plume. NO₂ heterogeneous reaction increased O₃ to 90 ppb, while HO₂ heterogeneous reaction decreased O₃ to 33 ppb. In addition, O₃ heterogeneous loss decreased O₃ to 31 ppb. The effects of NO₂, NO₃, and N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions showed opposite O₃ concentration changes between the urban and extra-urban areas because of the response of the reactions to the two types of O₃ formation regimes. When the aerosol radiative influence was included, the photolysis rate decreased and O₃ decreased significantly to 73 ppb O₃. The two aerosol-related processes should be considered in the study of O₃ formation because high aerosol concentration is a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the urban- and regional air quality in China.     

化学放热系统热爆炸潜在危险性评价

讨论化学放热系统的热稳定性和临界条件,用化学反应物无消耗的假设推导化学放热系统热失控(热爆炸)时的动力学参数临界值,得到热失控的判据、临界点火温度和熄火温度。提出用系统安全指数概念来评价放热反应系统发生热爆炸的潜在危险性,分析化学放热系统的平衡域。用硝酸甲酯分解爆炸实例,说明如何利用安全指数对具有热爆炸可能性的系统的潜在危险性进行定量评价,其预测结果与实验结果一致。     

Reaction mechanism of 3-chlorophenol with OH, H in aqueous solution

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