糠醛厂生产过程安全评价

对企业生产过程中的危险有害因素进行安全评价,是当前企业预防事故发生的有效手段。安全评价技术在国内外已有较长的发展历史,但关于糠醛生产过程的安全评价方法及研究还比较匮乏。在糠醛生产过程中存在着火灾、爆炸、中毒、噪声等危险因素,极易造成大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。根据某糠醛厂的实际情况,结合安全评价的基本程序,采用重大危险源辨识及事故树分析评价法,对危险有害因素进行辨识和评价。结果显示,糠醛厂存在着锅炉超压爆炸的危险,利用事故树分析法可以及时的找出预防途径,有针对性地提出安全改进的合理建议,从而进一步改善糠醛厂生产过程中的环境。评价的结果对糠醛生产企业进行安全决策、减少事故隐患,具有积极的指导意义。     

企业安全管理中的非正式群体功能探析

在企业中非正式群体是客观存在的,它对企业安全管理具有正向（积极）和负向（消极）的双重功能。如果正确引导,非正式群体可弥补正式群体的不足,在实现企业安全生产目标中发挥重要的作用,反之,则会干扰企业安全生产目标的实现。企业安全管理者应正视非正式群体的存在,并正确认识非正式群体,充分利用其特点,加强引导与控制,因势利导,趋利避害,调动一切积极因素,为实现企业安全目标服务。本文介绍了企业非正式群体的类型及特点,阐述了在企业安全管理中如何加强对非正式群体的引导、利用及控制管理,充分发挥非正式群体的正向功能,限制其负向功能。     

创建本质安全型煤矿探讨

从保障煤炭企业自身持续稳定发展和建设和谐社会的高度,阐述了本质安全的内涵和本质安全型矿井的特征,从＂人、机、环境、管理＂等不同角度分析了影响煤矿安全生产的主要因素,探讨了提高从业人员本质安全素质、提升系统装备和作业环境本质安全化程度和强化本质安全管理等创建本质安全型煤矿应采取的综合措施。明确指出将＂人、机、环境、管理＂等要素有机融合起来构建煤矿本质安全生产管理体系,是煤炭企业安全生产管理工作的客观需要,对指导煤炭企业创建本质安全型矿井具有重要意义。     

旅游公路景观协调性评价指标权重模型研究

为评价旅游公路景观协调性,通过对影响旅游公路景观协调性因素的分析,采用目标分解法初选评价指标,确定公路景观与交通安全、景观与视觉、景观与生态环境协调性3个目标层。在此基础上采用德尔菲法建立景观协调性评价指标体系;将景观协调性指标权重分为价值量权重和信息量权重2部分,在序关系分析法基础上充分利用指标值信息,综合主、客观赋权法,建立旅游公路景观协调性评价指标组合权重模型。结果表明:该模型可客观有效地确定各评价指标的权重。     

Efficacies of roadway safety improvements across functional subclasses of rural two-lane highways

Introduction

Highway crash occurrence is a leading cause of unnatural deaths, and highway agencies continually seek to identify engineering measures to reduce crashes and to assess the efficacy of such measures. Most past studies on the effectiveness of roadway improvements in terms of crash reduction considered all rural two-lane sections as a single category of roads. However, it may be hypothesized that the differences in the mobility and accessibility characteristics that are reflected in (and due to) the different design standards between different functional subclasses in the rural two-lane highway system can lead to differences in efficacies of safety improvements at these subclasses. This paper investigates the efficacy of roadway improvements, in terms of crash reduction, at the various subclasses of rural two-lane highways.

Methods

An empirical analysis of safety performance at each of the three subclasses of rural two-lane highways was carried out using the negative binomial modeling technique. For each subclass, crash prediction models were developed separately for the three levels of crash severity: property-damage only, injury, and fatal/injury. The crash factors that were considered include lane width, shoulder width, pavement surface friction, pavement condition, and horizontal and vertical alignments. After having developed the safety performance functions, the effectiveness (in terms of the extent of crash reduction, for different levels of crash severity) of highway safety enhancements at each highway subclass were determined using the theoretical concepts established in past literature. These enhancements include widening lanes, widening shoulders, enhancing pavement surface friction, and improving the vertical or horizontal alignment.

Results and Conclusion

The study found that there is empirical evidence to justify the decomposition of the family of rural two-lane roads into its constituent subclasses for purposes of analyzing the effectiveness of safety enhancement projects and thus to avoid underestimation or overestimation of benefits of safety improvements at this class of highways.     

A Bayesian assessment of the effect of highway bypasses in Iowa on crashes and crash rate

Introduction

A common contention is that the construction of highway bypasses negatively impacts the economy of local communities by reducing pass-by traffic for businesses. However, as access to specific business' account records is limited, this impact is difficult to quantify. Another common contention is that bypasses contribute to a reduction in overall crashes in the community and in the surrounding areas. Even though a large number of bypasses have been constructed in the State of Iowa over the past several years, their actual impact in terms of traffic safety has not been quantified.

Objectives

This study seeks answers to the following questions: (a) Are bypasses in Iowa associated with a reduction in crash frequencies and crash rates on the bypassed highway? (b) Do bypasses in Iowa introduce a reduction of overall crash frequencies and rates or do they merely shift crashes from the highways through the communities to the bypasses with no significant overall reduction?

Method

We obtained crash information from the Iowa DOT at 19 sites on which a bypass was constructed sometime during the past 23 years. We also obtained the same information at six sites used as comparison sites on which no bypasses were constructed at least until 2005. We them employed a Bayesian approach to estimating the association between the construction of the bypass and crash rates, while also accounting for other factors.

Results

The construction of bypasses in Iowa is associated with a significant increase in traffic safety both on the main road through town and on the combined main road and bypass roadway.     

弹药公路运输安全影响因素分析及防护

交通安全是弹药运输安全的前提条件.分析交通系统的构成要素,指出驾驶员是影响交通安全的核心因素.根据事故致因理论建立了交通安全事故模型.分析了弹药运输环境条件对弹药运输安全的影响,并提出研究运行速度与运输冲击振动环境变化的关系.最后,提出了弹药公路运输安全的3点防护对策.     

基于第一原理的安全技术及其应用分析

分析了美国Sandia国家实验室在核武器研制过程中提出的基于第一原理的安全技术,总结了其技术要点及和常规安全技术的差异、联系,给出了基于第一原理的安全性设计方法的步骤.通过分析基于第一原理的安全技术在水坝、压力容器中的应用,指出应用于核武器安全性设计的第一原理同样适用于民用高危系统.     

The impact of the BP Baker report

Introduction

This study examined the impact of the British Petroleum (BP) Baker Panel Report, reviewing the March 2005 BP-Texas City explosion, on the field of process safety.

Method

Three hundred eighty-four subscribers of a process safety listserv responded to a survey two years after the BP Baker Report was published.

Results

Results revealed respondents in the field of process safety are familiar with the BP Baker Report, feel it is important to the future safety of chemical processing, and believe that the findings are generalizable to other plants beyond BP-Texas City. Respondents indicated that few organizations have administered the publicly available BP Process Safety Culture Survey. Our results also showed that perceptions of contractors varied depending on whether respondents were part of processing organizations (internal perspective) or government or consulting agencies (external perspective).

Conclusions

This research provides some insight into the beliefs of chemical processing personnel regarding the transportability and generalizability of lessons learned from one organization to another.

Impact on Industry

This study has implications for both organizational scientists and engineers in that it reveals perceptions about the primary mechanism used to share lessons learned within one industry about one major catastrophe (i.e., investigation reports). This study provides preliminary information about the perceived impact of a report such as this one.     

Migrating an incident reporting system to a CCPS process safety metrics model

A major chemical company established a formal incident investigation and reporting system several years ago. The original system focused heavily on worker-related injuries, illnesses, and near-misses and was used primarily to track statistics reportable to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This Occupational Injury and Illness (OII) approach has been recognized to be an ineffective tool for measuring, predicting, and preventing process safety incidents. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) recently published guidelines on how to establish safety metrics for the measurement and reduction of process safety incidents. The process safety metrics approach relies upon leading and lagging metrics to improve organization process safety. This paper is a case study of the analysis of one organization’s incident database, which represents approximately five years of data from over a dozen facilities. The aim of this investigation was to extract useful process safety metrics from the incident investigation and reporting system, which would be pertinent to the types of process units and process functions at these facilities. This paper will discuss the approach taken to extract process incident information from an OII-based database and present the difficulties of performing an analysis on such a database. This paper provides guidance on how to migrate an existing OII-based reporting system to a program that includes process safety metrics in accordance with industry best practices.