GIS支持的卫星图像土地利用现状分类和制图

应用卫星图像提取专题要素，综合利用多元地理信息，是克服多光谱数据在解像力和分辨率上所存在的局限性的有效途径。ＧＩＳ技术则提供多种处理功能将图像与地理信息复合，提高分类精度。分类图像数据与地形基础要素数据复合，通过彩色扫描绘图机直接绘制高质量的土地利用现状专题地图。     

OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE SNOW COVER OBSERVATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Several federal and state water resources agencies and NASA have recently completed an Applications Systems Verification and Transfer (ASVT) project on the operational applications of satellite snow cover observations. When satellite snow cover data were tested in both empirical seasonal runoff estimation and short term modeling approaches, a definite potential for reducing forecast error was evident. Three years of testing in California resulted in reduction of seasonal stream flow forecast error was evident. Three years of testing in California resulted in reduction of seasonal stream flow forecast error from 15 percent to 10 percent on three study basins; and modeling studies on the Boise River basin in Idaho indicated that satellite snow cover could be used to reduce short term forecast error by up to 9.6 percent (5 day forecast). Potential benefits from improved satellite snow cover based predictions across the 11 western states total 10 million dollars for hydropower and 28 million dollars for irrigation annually. The truly operational application of the new technology in the West, however, will only be possible when the turnaround time for all data is reduced to 72 hours, and the water management agencies can be assured of a continuing supply of operational snow cover data from space.     

GOES IR AND DUMMY VARIABLE TECHNIQUES FOR LOW TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) thermal infrared (IR) data were used to study regional cold nocturnal temperature fluctuations that are important in assessing citrus freeze damage. Dummy variables techniques were used to analyze the temperature difference between the east and west sides of Central Florida, which was obtained from both ground measurement minimum temperature (T_GMM) and the GOES mean temperature (T_GOES) on low-temperature nights. The low temperature pattern, which was closely related to the citrus freeze damage pattern in Central Florida, was identified by GOES thermal IR data but not by conventional ground measurements. The low surface temperature in the west side and east side appears to be attributable to differences in soil types, water tables, and drainage classes in both regions.     

Three-Dimensional Ground-Based Measurements of Urban Air Quality to Evaluate Satellite Derived Interpretations for Urban Air Pollution

Urban air quality and meteorological measurements were carried out in the region of Brescia (Italy) simultaneously to the acquisition of satellite data during winter and summer smog conditions in 1999. The main objectives of the campaigns were: delivery of data for the validation of air pollution interpretations based on satellite imagery, and determination of the aerosol optical thickness in spectral ranges similar to those used by satellites. During the winter campaign the ground-based network was complemented by local stations and by SODAR, DOAS, and FTIR remote sensing measurements. Size distributions of aerosol particles up to 4,000 m a.s.l. were measured by means of an ultra-light aircraft, which was also equipped with meteorological sensors and an ozone sensor. During the summer campaign an interference filter actinometer, an integrating nephelometer and an ozone LIDAR were operated additionally. The satellite images acquired and processed were taken from SPOT. Optical thickness retrieved from interference filter actinometer measurements were compared with the retrievals from the satellite imagery in the same spectral intervals. It is concluded that remaining aerosols in the reference image yield an off-set in the satellite retrieval data and that information about the vertical structure of the boundary layer is very important.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NILE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL FORECAST SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is developing a river forecast system for the Nile River in Egypt. The river forecast system operates on scientific work stations using hydrometeorological models and software to predict inflows into the high Aswan Dam and forecast flow hydrographs at selected gaging locations above the dam The Nile Forecasting System (NFS) utilizes satellite imagery from the METEOSAT satellite as the input to the forecast system. Satellite imagery is used to estimate precipitation over the Blue Nile Basin using five different techniques. Observed precipitation data and climatic statistics are used to improve precipitation estimation. Precipitation data for grid locations are input to a distributed water balance model, a hill slope routing model, and a channel routing model. A customized Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to show political boundaries, rivers, terrain elevation, and gaging network. The GIS was used to develop hydrologic parameters for the basin and is used for multiple display features.     

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用于陆地气溶胶的监测

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用在陆地气溶胶的监测中,因缺少短波红外通道,使地表反射的去除变得异常困难.应用改进的暗目标法,利用辐射传输方程(6S)构建查找表,对CCD相机数据进行图像重采样和辐射定标处理,进而对查找表进行插值,获得气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分布.通过AERONET地基数据的验证及与MODIS气溶胶产品的对比表明,环境一号卫星CCD相机对陆地气溶胶的监测结果在AOD较大(>0.2)时,精度与MODIS相近;在AOD较小(<0.2)时,结果欠理想.     

葫芦岛地区水体污染的卫星遥感监测示范研究

以葫芦岛地区为示范区域,采用卫星、地面、水体同步与准同步监测的方法,对示范区域水库水质和污染河段在研究主要污染物污染程度与波谱特性间的定量、半定量关系基础上,探索了水体污染卫星遥感监测中的关键技术,进而结合应用需求,建立宏观、快速的水体污染卫星遥感监测示范系统。对总体设计方案和技术指标、主要研究内容和方法、同步或准同步监测与分析做了简要阐述。     

“环境一号”卫星在轨测试与应用能力分析

以辽东湾沿岸大连、营口、盘锦3市为"环境一号"卫星(HJ-1)在轨应用测试典型示范区。在对HJ-1A/BCCD多光谱数据处理的基础上,选取50个样本,对生态环境及土地利用进行信息提取和测试。在GIS,GPS支持下,通过不同时相、不同卫星数据源生态环境变化遥感解译的对比分析,进行生态环境系统分类,评价其分类效果和综合应用能力,并对卫星数据应用潜力进行分析。     

辽西北典型区域防护林动态变化遥感分析研究

介绍了在RS的支持下,以Landsat TM和CBERS卫星影像为主要的数据来源,采用栅格数据、遥感数据与统计数据相结合的技术路线,通过目视解译、人机交互解译、计算机自动识别等遥感信息提取技术和遥感影像处理方法,得出近20a三北防护林地区林地面积的变化情况。结果表明：三北防护林地区的林地面积1986—1995年有所减小,1995年以后呈逐年增加的趋势。     

卫星综合电子系统环境试验方法研究

目的为适应卫星综合电子系统"货架产品化"的发展趋势,将传统的以单机级为主体的环境试验分解到功能模块级。方法分别建立综合电子单机和模块有限元模型,开展动力学、热力学等仿真分析,以模块上关键部位能否达到单机试验时的考核量级为判据,获得模块级试验时的输入条件。结果以随机振动试验为例,通过有限元分析,某综合电子单机若要达到鉴定级试验(单机输入量级为14.33g)考核,则功能模块上的力学输入分别为x向18.06g、y向15.07g、z向15.54g。以此为基础,在ACT2000振动台上开展了环境模拟试验验证,采集了模块上的最大响应。经分析,力学响应最大误差为6.31%,满足工程误差小于10%的要求。结论基于综合电子功能模块的环境试验,可以覆盖单机试验时的考核要求,有利于尽早发现产品缺陷,降低研制成本。