A METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATTITUDE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS1

To the average layman, the distinction between opinion and attitude is artificial at best, and is neither consistent nor logically defensible. For many purposes one need not distinguish between the two. However, when assessing opinion and attitude the disparity becomes quite evident. Opinion surveys are characteristically concerned with replies to specific questions which need not be related. The responses are kept separately as opposed to being combined into a total score. Attitude scales, on the other hand, typically yield a total score indicating both a direction and intensity of an individual's feelings, thoughts, and predispositions to act toward a given concept. Further, in the construction of an attitude scale, the different statements are designed to measure a single attitude or unidimensional variable. The Likert method of constructing attitude measuring instruments requires a large number of judges to indicate their own attitudes by responding to statements thought to pertain to an attitude in question. Five possible responses are provided for each item. The procedure for construction of a Thurstone type scale utilizes the Law of Categorical Judgment as a basis. Statements are obtained and analyzed for the various categories and in final form, the attitude scale is presented to the respondent who indicates statements with which he agrees or disagrees.     

SOLUTION OF A WATER RESOURCES PROBLEM WITH ECONOMIES OF SCALE BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT Both because of its effectiveness and ease in use, linear programming has become progressively popular in water resources planning problems. Yet, the assumptions of linear construction costs can be misleading. Diseconomies of scale in construction can be handled by successive approximations to the cost function but problems with economies of scale yield paradoxical results when piecewise approximations are used. If significant economies of scale exist in only one facility, the solution to problems of this nature can be found using normal linear programming codes by successively adjusting the unit construction cost on that single facility to iteratively work toward the true optimal solution.     

超大规模工业厂房突破防火规范问题及其技术研究

超大规模工业厂越来越多地应用于工业生产，但与我国现行防火技术规范存在突出的矛盾，有些地方甚至突破了我国现行防火技术规范。本文即对这一矛盾进行典型事例分析，并研究上应的安全措施。     

Some thoughts on using a landscape framework to address cumulative impacts on wetland food chain support

Problems of using food chain support as a functional attribute of a wetland are discussed. It is suggested that primary production may not be the metric that best evaluates food chain support. Environmental constructs of the wetland and resultant habitat variables appear to yield more information on life-support functions. A landscape-oriented approach is derived to separate hierarchically the wet-lands into ecological regions and landscape elements. This classification scheme allows for predetermination of environmental constraints and the possible natural limits of wetland food chain support. It is proposed that models derived from spatial location theory be used to determine the movement of animals from wetland patches experiencing impacts on food chain support. Patch size, distance between patches, habitat diversity, and environmental constraints are incorporated in these models.     

小型建设项目环评报告质量与对策研究

通过对205个投资额在100万元以下小型建设项目环境影响评价报告的调查,对比建设项目环保审批6项原则,发现该类建设项目环境影响评价报告中存在报告降级编写、内容不完整、结论模糊等问题,据此提出了提高报告质量的措施、建议[1]。     

变频式微电脑水处理器在油田污水防垢杀菌中的技术应用

对江苏油田王龙庄污水处理站结垢机理及影响因素进行了分析研究,找出了目前防垢杀菌措施存在的不足。在此基础上,对引进变频式微电脑水处理器的先导性试验结果进行了分析。监测结果表明,其阻垢率达到83.3%以上。该处理器不仅具有很好的防垢、除垢功能,还具有很好的杀菌作用。处理后的污水中固体含量、颗粒总数、含油量、TGB、铁细菌等均有较大幅度的下降,同时还大幅度减少了药剂成本、维修费用等,投入产出比为1∶7,取得了较好的经济效益。     

基于GIS技术的县市级防汛信息系统

防汛减灾是县市水利部门的重点工作。以临海市防汛决策指挥系统为实例，探讨了基于GIS技术，采用Client／Server模式的防汛信息系统的解决方案。根据防汛业务管理工作的实际要求，分析了系统的属性和空间数据库的存储结构和建库方法，实现了防汛信息系统的各主要模块及其功能。     

烟气输运和水喷淋相互作用的大涡模拟研究

本文应用大涡模拟方法，并结合Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型，数值研究了烟气输运和水喷淋的相互作用问题。为了有效地模拟烟气输运过程，文中采用低马赫数近似下的三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和组分方程进行求解，并采用有限差分法数值计算了滤波后的控制方程。对于燃烧过程扣所产生的热释放，采用Lagrangian粒子携带热量的近似方法来模拟，这些运动粒子进一步用来标识烟气的输运过程，同时还近似模拟了水喷淋和热气流的相互作用过程。文中数值计算了燃烧火源所形成的热气流和烟气输运过程，以及与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了喷水装置的喷水量、喷射角和水颗粒直径对流动特性的影响。     

畜禽粪污集中处理模式中的三方演化博弈研究——基于规模差异与政府干预视角

作为环境污染治理的新举措,畜禽粪污集中处理中心虽然在高效处理粪污、提高资源利用质量、改善农村环境等方面发挥了显著作用,但是,其在运营中依然存在各种各样的问题,如设备利用率低下、粪污未能得到有效收集、骗取补贴等。为了探讨上述运营困境的形成机理,本文从养殖规模差异化与政府干预视角出发,构建政府、养殖户与处理中心三方共同参与的演化博弈模型,并在不同情境下探讨三方策略选择的影响因素与演化路径。研究表明,当小规模养殖户占比较高时,处理中心会选择“投机”策略加以获利,反之,在粪污处理需求大的规模养殖地区,处理中心则倾向于“不投机”的稳定经营策略;虽然政府补贴对于养殖户选择“参与”策略具有促进作用,但是,对于小规模养殖户而言,仍有一定的概率选择“不参与”策略;政府需要综合考虑处理中心的预期收益、受奖惩力度等因素制定合理补贴范畴,若补贴过高且缺乏相应的监管机制,处理中心会为了谋求更多利益而采取“投机”策略;当处理中心投机行为较频繁时,政府需加大监管并提高惩罚力度,以维护畜禽粪污集中处理模式正常运作。     

基于指数标度法的大气污染物标准浓度限值

从韦伯—费希纳定律S＝KlogR出发,指出在大气污染物背景浓度限值C_ioo至明显危害浓度限值C_I∞范围内,当污染物浓度成等比变化时,人对污染物浓度刺激量的主观差别感觉成等差变化。应用＂等差分级、等比赋值＂的指数标度法计算出６种大气污染物的三级标准浓度限值与我国制定的《大气环境质量标准》,GB3095－82规定的污染物日平均浓度限值基本接近,为我国《大气环境质量标准》提供了合理依据。