Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

北京地区近300年降水变化的小波分析

利用北京地区1724-2009年降水资料,首先做了趋势分析和突变检验,之后采用Morlet小波函数,对该地区近300 a来降水的年际变化时间序列进行了小波分析,揭示了该区降水变化的多时间尺度的周期性变化规律,并根据主周期对未来降水变化进行了预测。结果表明,北京地区年降水量有缓慢增大的趋势,但并不显著。1744、1809、1894和1996年为该系列降雨量减少突变点,1777、1870和1948年为降雨量增多突变点。同时北京地区年降水量在其计算时域内各时间尺度分布不均匀,具有明显的局部化特征;年降水存在85~95 a左右时间尺度的周期特征;其次,35~40 a和20~25 a左右时间尺度的周期特征也较明显。降水量在不同时间尺度下偏多、偏少交替变化也各不相同。此外,分析结果显示该地区年降水量具有21 a、35 a和85 a左右的主周期,其中85 a周期为第一主周期;根据年降水的主周期推测,北京地区整个时间序列上的年降水量呈现出偏少-偏多-偏少-偏多-偏少-偏多-偏少的循环交替特征,根据其周期特征,可以推测2009年到2030年左右将一直处于少降水期。     

库布齐沙漠自然植被与人工植被土壤水盐的空间异质性比较研究

干旱半干旱地区土壤水盐的空间分布对土地利用和生态恢复具有重要作用。运用传统统计学和地统计学对库布齐沙漠5种自然植被和5种人工植被0～10和10～20cm深度土壤水分和盐分的空间异质性进行了小尺度比较分析。结果表明：9种群落的土壤水盐平均值下层大于表层,且盐分的空间相关性较水分更高;人工植被土壤水分（CV=5.3%～22.7%）和盐分（CV=15.7%～51.2%）具有空间分布均匀、层间差异不明显等特征,而自然植被水分（CV=9.9%～32.6%）和盐分的（CV=26.9%～180.0%）却与之相反;小尺度上,人工植被土壤不同层间的水分关系、盐分关系以及水盐关系可能随建植时间的增加会越来越不明显,格局强度将不断减弱,这也极有可能改变大尺度上的水盐运移状况,进而影响研究区生态系统的稳定性和安全性。     

有机磷系阻燃剂的全球污染现状

作为目前普遍使用的阻燃剂主要种类之一,有机磷系阻燃剂被大量应用于各领域,从而导致了其在环境中的持续释放和分布,由此引发的环境问题逐步引起了人们的广泛关注。本文对全球范围内有机磷系阻燃剂在水体、大气、土壤、沉积物以及生物体内等环境介质中的残留现状进行了分析,并对其生态危害和生态风险进行了总结,同时对目前该领域仍有待探讨的问题及研究趋势进行了讨论。     

县域土壤养分空间变异特征及合理采样数研究

以地统计学和GIS相结合,以山东费县为例探讨了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾5种养分空间变异特征及县域尺度土壤养分的合理采样数。研究表明,有效磷的变异系数最大,由大到小依次为有效磷>速效钾>有机质>碱解氮>全氮。有机质、全氮、速效钾3种养分呈现中等强度的空间相关性且变程较大,基于土壤养分的空间相关性和克里格插值的独立验证得出费县有机质、全氮和速效钾3种养分合理采样数分别为1 035、842和1 033个,合理采样间距约为1 352、1 500和1 354 m。碱解氮不存在空间相关性,后续采样需要加大采样密度进一步研究其空间结构性。而有效磷呈现很强的空间相关性,但是变程很小,小范围内受人类活动等随机性因素较大,后续采样不能低于目前采样密度。     

超临界水氧化处理醚菊酯生产废水实验研究

利用间歇式超临界水氧化实验装置对醚菊酯生产废水进行处理。实验结果表明,选择超临界水氧化处理该废水的优化条件为:温度430℃、反应时间5 min、压力25 MPa、氧化系数2.0。H2O2、O2和空气三种氧化剂的氧化能力从强到弱依次为H2O2、O2和空气。采用目前国内处理量最大的SCWO示范装置对醚菊酯生产废水进行初步处理,出水COD、TOC、色度和pH均满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

2006~2009年工业COD和SO2减排分解研究

通过运用分解模型,将工业COD和工业SO2减排分解为规模效应、结构效应、清洁技术效应和污染治理效应,并根据模型测算了2006~2009年各种效应的大小.结果表明:规模效应值为58.68%,即经济规模扩张增加工业COD和工业SO2排放,结构效应、清洁技术效应和污染治理效应效应值分别为-0.63%、-49.34%和-29.79%,即促进工业COD和工业SO2减排;分行业来看,农副食品加工业和非金属矿物制品业发展迅速,需要严格控制其发展速度;化学纤维制造业的COD产生强度和电力、热力的生产和供应业、有色金属矿采选业、石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业的SO2产生强度升高,需要加强清洁生产控制;燃气生产和供应业、皮革毛皮羽毛(绒)及其制品业的COD去除率和非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业和燃气生产和供应业的SO2去除率降低,需要加强污染治理控制.     

基于相对心率的体力劳动强度评价方法

体力劳动强度等级的合理划分是劳动者获得合理报酬和身心健康的重要保证。在研究现有体力劳动强度评价方法的基础上,通过实验进行数据的采集并对其进行标准化处理,然后运用回归分析方法建立起以相对心率为解释变量、RPE值为因变量的体力劳动强度评价模型,进行了年龄和环境因素的修正,最后在某企业进行了应用。该模型相对传统体力劳动强度评价方法的改进主要体现在三个方面:第一,指标值测量简单,提高了可操作性;第二,评价等级划分更精确;第三,考虑了年龄和环境因素。该方法在广大工矿企业具有较好的应用价值。     

中国工业能源消费强度的影响因素研究——基于省域工业数据的实证分析

基于分解方法,把中国各省域1985-2008年间不同时期的工业能源消费强度变化分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应。结果表明:规模效应、技术效应和结构效应在不同省域及不同的时段内,强度和方向都有所不同。规模效应在1985-1995、1995-2004年间两个时期都是工业能源消费增长的主导因素,且随着时间推进,作用强度也在显著增加;同时规模效应强度的区域差异并不显著;而在2004-2008年间,规模效应则出现明显分异,增长能源与节约能源两种效应同时并存。技术效应在1995-2004、2004-2008年两个时期都是朝着节约工业能源的方向发展,表明随着时间的推进,技术效应在各个省域的作用在逐步显现,但其大小对不同区域来说有所不同;在1985-1995年时期内,技术效应的大小和方向都不一。总体来看,技术进步的节能效应在一些省域有待提高,这样才有助于"积极主动"地促进工业能源消费降低。结构效应在三个时期方向不一,仅在少数地区表现为节能作用;且较之以上两种效应,结构效应的作用强度较小;结构效应与各地区工业发展阶段密切相关,其节能潜力仍需充分挖掘。     

Species, functional groups, and thresholds in ecological resilience

The cross-scale resilience model states that ecological resilience is generated in part from the distribution of functions within and across scales in a system. Resilience is a measure of a system's ability to remain organized around a particular set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures, known as a regime. We define scale as the geographic extent over which a process operates and the frequency with which a process occurs. Species can be categorized into functional groups that are a link between ecosystem processes and structures and ecological resilience. We applied the cross-scale resilience model to avian species in a grassland ecosystem. A species' morphology is shaped in part by its interaction with ecological structure and pattern, so animal body mass reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of resources. We used the log-transformed rank-ordered body masses of breeding birds associated with grasslands to identify aggregations and discontinuities in the distribution of those body masses. We assessed cross-scale resilience on the basis of 3 metrics: overall number of functional groups, number of functional groups within an aggregation, and the redundancy of functional groups across aggregations. We assessed how the loss of threatened species would affect cross-scale resilience by removing threatened species from the data set and recalculating values of the 3 metrics. We also determined whether more function was retained than expected after the loss of threatened species by comparing observed loss with simulated random loss in a Monte Carlo process. The observed distribution of function compared with the random simulated loss of function indicated that more functionality in the observed data set was retained than expected. On the basis of our results, we believe an ecosystem with a full complement of species can sustain considerable species losses without affecting the distribution of functions within and across aggregations, although ecological resilience is reduced. We propose that the mechanisms responsible for shaping discontinuous distributions of body mass and the nonrandom distribution of functions may also shape species losses such that local extinctions will be nonrandom with respect to the retention and distribution of functions and that the distribution of function within and across aggregations will be conserved despite extinctions.