An examination of ecological risk assessment and management practices

Ecological risk assessment has grown and evolved since the 1980s, as have new challenges (e.g. global climate change, loss of habitat and biodiversity and the effects of multiple anthropogenic chemicals on ecological systems) that need to be factored into the risk assessment processes. There is also an on-going shift from evaluating adverse health impacts on particular, often small scale, environments to undertaking more complex ecological assessments of whole populations and communities across ecologically meaningful landscapes. These trends are generating an increased demand for much more complex ecological assessments, making it increasingly clear that to achieve its potential as a management tool, methods must be developed to apply ecological risk assessment to larger and more complex scales. This paper reviews the development of the ecological risk assessment paradigm in the United States, identifies ways it is being applied and adapted in other countries, explores future research needs and practice improvements, and examines current issues that need to be considered in taking forward the scientific development of ecological risk assessment as a useful environmental management tool.     

中尺度流域的景观格局分析--以湖北四湖流域为例

以湖北四湖流域为中尺度流域的代表，对流域九种景观类型657个斑块的形状、6种景观类型分离程度、四个分区及全流域的景观异质性进行了分析。结果表明：斑块伸长指数和形状系数是完全相关的，它们与周长／面积各自表达着形状复杂性的不同方面，有必要对其进行综合评价；四湖流域的不同类型的景观斑块形状有较大差异，分区间的斑块形状差异较小；湿地类型的斑块形状趋于简单，其中湖泊斑块形状员简单，非湿地类型的斑块形状趋于复杂，又以林地类型为员。这表明本地区的湿地，特别是湖泊，受到了更大的人类活动影响；湖泊斑块的分布最集中，居民点斑块的分布员分散，这不利于控制流域内的洪涝灾害；从流域的上游到下游，景观多样性和均匀度呈增加的趋势，景观破碎化程度呈下降趋势，这种景观异质性的空间差异反映了流域空间开发历史的长短和人类活动强度的差异。     

三峡库区支流常年库区航道通航尺度研究

随着长江经济带国家战略及沿江区域经济发展战略的实施,长江航运发展面临重大机遇。三峡水库的运行为三峡库区众多支流的航运发展提供了良好环境,作为连接重庆、武汉两大区域航运中心的连接段,库区干支航道的能力提升和标准提高显得尤为迫切。系统核查了三峡库区支流自然条件及航道发展现状,分析了三峡蓄水对支流航道条件的影响及蓄水后库区支流航道存在的问题,依据现有标准规范明确的航道尺度确定方法,论证提出了三峡库区15条主要通航支流河口段航道的通航尺度。最后,提出了加强观测分析与模型论证,加大基础设施建设与航道治理力度,以及跟踪观测三峡库区泥沙累积性淤积对航道的影响等建议。     

基于最优尺度Logit模型的交通事故形态致因分析

为剖析典型交通事故形态致因,在利用最优尺度分析法诊断交通事故形态致因共线性的基础上,筛选关键影响因素,构建无序多分类Logit交通事故致因模型并对模型进行参数标定,并选择100个交通事故样本对模型进行精度验证,该模型相对误差仅为4.0%,能够较为准确地分析典型交通事故形态致因。研究结果表明:路侧及中央隔离设施、照明是事故的保护性因子,可有效降低事故率;路侧行道树设置不合理或未及时修剪,使车辆不能有效识别道路信息,是正面碰撞的重要影响因素;机非混合道是事故的危险因子,增大了侧面碰撞事故发生概率。研究结果可为交通隐患精准识别、交通事故主动预防以及交通设施科学设计提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

好氧堆肥在中、小型城镇污水厂达标改造中的应用

叙述了好氧堆肥工艺的原理、特点及其在中小型污水厂达标改造中的应用。     

Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: Status,perspectives, and prospects

The incongruity between the regional and national scales at which wetland losses are occurring, and the project-specific scale at which wetlands are regulated and studied, has become obvious. This article presents a synthesis of recent efforts by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University to bring wetland science and regulation into alignment with the reality of the cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on entire landscapes and regions. The synthesis is drawn from the other articles in this volume, the workshop that initiated them, and the scientific literature. It summarizes the status of our present scientific understanding, discusses means by which to actualize the existing potential for matching the scales of research and regulation with the scales at which effects are observed, and provides guidelines for building a stronger scientific base for landscape-level assessments of cumulative effects. It also provides the outlines for a synoptic and qualitative approach to cumulative effects assessment based on a reexamination of the generic assessment framework we proposed elsewhere in this volume.The primary conclusion to be drawn from the articles and the workshop is that a sound scientific basis for regulation will not come merely from acquiring more information on more variables. It will come from recognizing that a perceptual shift to larger temporal, spatial, and organizational scales is overdue. The shift in scale will dictate different—not necessarily more—variables to be measured in future wetland research and considered in wetland regulation.     

PRA和GIS在小尺度土地利用变化研究中的应用

论文借助PRA,结合实地测量和GIS,以宁夏南部山区的上黄村为例对小尺度区域的土地利用变化进行了初步研究。重建和恢复了其25年来各时期的土地利用过程,绘制了上黄试区不同时期的土地利用空间变化图,并对其土地利用的数量及空间变化进行了分析。结果表明:在研究期内,从数量上看,耕地和林地变化最为显著,年变化率分别达到了8.0%和9.2%;从空间分布变化来看,主要表现为耕地向林地、草地及园地转变。     

典型河口主要氮转化过程对盐度响应机制的室内外实验研究

受全球盐水入侵加剧影响,河口区域水环境安全面临巨大的威胁.通过室内水槽控制实验和室外原位微生物培育实验,分别研究盐度作用的不同时间尺度下,不同形态氮（NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O）转化及转化过程硝化、反硝化和硝酸异化还原氨（DNRA）功能基因的响应机制.结果表明：①室内实验的NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O浓度与盐度呈正相关,NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升而降低;室外原位实验的涨潮期,去菌处理组的NH₄⁺和NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升反而下降,溶解性N₂O浓度则随盐度上升呈上升趋势;未去菌处理组和原位对照组的NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和溶解性N₂O浓度均与 盐度呈负相关.②室内外实验表明,盐度在21.6以下时,硝化反应、反硝化反应和DNRA反应均得到增强,高盐度条件下（盐度为34.0）硝化反应抑制作用明显.盐度长期作用下主导功能基因为nxrA、nirK、nirS和nrfA,而短期的主导功能基因为amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nrfA.本研究通过对水体不同组分氮浓度-功能基因对盐度不同作用时间尺度的响应研究,为河口区域盐水入侵和氮源汇转化机制研究提供技术支撑.     

膨胀颗粒污泥床处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验

通过高温膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验研究,证明EGSB处理玉米酒精糟液能够取得很好的处理效果.反应器运行2个月即形成颗粒污泥,成功地实现了反应器的快速启动;启动后反应器运行稳定,COD负荷可达到29kg/(m³·d),去除率在90%以上.本研究不仅解决了废水处理的实际问题,而且带来了显著的经济效益和社会效益.     

沿海生态旅游资源评价指标及尺度研究——以江苏沿海为例

旅游资源评价是生态旅游研究的主要内容之一,尺度选取和指标建立是评价的关键。从生态旅游的角度出发,筛选体现沿海湿地类型、生态环境、旅游期望值、海洋文化以及开发程度等项目的一系列指标,综合构建沿海生态旅游资源评价指标体系。运用景观生态学理论,文章提出了沿海生态旅游资源(景观)评价的时空尺度、自然人文理性尺度以及数理统计尺度。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对江苏沿海生态旅游资源的吸引力、开发潜力和综合价值进行定性和定量评价,并探讨了发展江苏沿海生态旅游的策略。