Participatory monitoring to connect local and global priorities for forest restoration

New global initiatives to restore forest landscapes present an unparalleled opportunity to reverse deforestation and forest degradation. Participatory monitoring could play a crucial role in providing accountability, generating local buy in, and catalyzing learning in monitoring systems that need scalability and adaptability to a range of local sites. We synthesized current knowledge from literature searches and interviews to provide lessons for the development of a scalable, multisite participatory monitoring system. Studies show that local people can collect accurate data on forest change, drivers of change, threats to reforestation, and biophysical and socioeconomic impacts that remote sensing cannot. They can do this at one‐third the cost of professionals. Successful participatory monitoring systems collect information on a few simple indicators, respond to local priorities, provide appropriate incentives for participation, and catalyze learning and decision making based on frequent analyses and multilevel interactions with other stakeholders. Participatory monitoring could provide a framework for linking global, national, and local needs, aspirations, and capacities for forest restoration.     

变频水处理器在锅炉除防垢上的应用试验

从变频水处理器的工作原理、使用、安装以及除防垢效果等方面介绍了变频水处理器在锅炉除防垢方面的应用试验情况.结果表明变频式水处理器技术在节能、提高整个系统的自动化水平、提高安全可靠性等方面具有明显的效果.     

ABR成熟颗粒污泥的分形特征与尺度效应

建立了基于SEM照片研究ABR成熟颗粒污泥分形特征的操作程序,采用Photoshop、Newscan和Fips程序对该图形进行处理和分形维数计算.颗粒污泥的计盒维数值处于1.85以上,第3格室和第5格室形成的颗粒污泥较为致密.不同格室颗粒污泥边界的计盒维数的值在1.10左右,表明它们的边界或表面是不规则的,而且第1格室和第5格室形成的颗粒污泥的表面不规则程度高一些.颗粒污泥边界的圆规维数计算结果也表明其表面是不规则的,而且每一个颗粒污泥都存在2个分形维数的尺度区间,有的区间跨度达一个数量级.另外,不同的计算维数的方法会导致结果的差异.建立不同尺度域下的分形维数与颗粒污泥的组成、结构及物化特征的关系将具有重要意义.     

城市规模对生态效率的影响及区域差异分析

随着城市规模的不断扩大,城市住房紧张、交通拥堵、环境恶化等问题开始日益凸显,如何从生态视角找到适度的城市规模是我国新型城镇化建设中面临的一个重要问题。本文以中国2003-2013年281个地级市为研究对象,通过建立空间计量和门槛面板模型研究了城市规模对生态效率的影响及其区域差异,研究结果表明,中国城市生态效率整体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且区域差异较大,溢出效应较为明显;城市规模对生态效率的影响呈现N型曲线的特征,且呈现显著的区间效应,根据门槛内生性分类结果发现,当城市规模低于54.48万人时,生态效率随城市规模的扩张不断增加;当城市规模大于54.48万低于337.22万人时,城市规模扩张对生态效率的促进作用较大,当城市规模超过337.22万人这一门槛值之后,促进作用开始显著减小,说明基于生态效率的最优城市规模为337.22万人左右;而产业结构、技术水平等都对城市生态效率有明显的促进作用。基于以上结论,各城市应加强环境合作,减少环境污染溢出;对于规模较小的城市,应该依托周边大中城市,争取产业合作,通过完善城市基础设施建设,进行户籍、土地等制度改革,促进城市规模的扩大;对于规模居中的城市,应该以节约资源、保护环境为前提,推进适度规模的城镇化,真正实现城市从"量"到"质"的转变;对于规模较大的城市,可以建立新城区或城市群,完善城市近郊及周边交通、教育等公共资源配置,充分发挥聚集和发散效应,有效缓解人口过于集中和环境恶化带来的压力。综上,不同规模的城市应采取不同措施提高生态效率,推进城市走集约、智能、绿色、低碳的新型城镇化道路。     

Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes

How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources. El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos     

天宝岩自然保护区森林景观格局与环境关系的尺度效应分析

为揭示景观格局内演机制,在3S技术平台支撑下,借助TM遥感像图、植被分类图和二类调查数据,并引入CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis)排序方法,对天宝岩森林景观格局与环境的关系及其尺度效应进行定量分析.结果表明:随着取样尺度的递减,排序轴各特征值之和呈增大趋势,依次为:3.137、3.349、3.484、4.660及4.848;而累积景观–环境解释量和景观–环境相关系数皆呈先增后减的趋势,分别在scale3和scale2达到最大;景观类型分布呈现较为明显的纬度梯度变化规律(纬度与第一轴的相关系数:-0.2019~-0.3789)和垂直分布规律(海拔与第一轴的相关系数:-0.3218~-0.4760),其中沿纬度梯度上分布的景观类型依次为:竹林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、农田、常绿阔叶林、山顶矮曲林、常绿针叶林、泥潭藓沼泽、灌草丛;在较低海拔上分布的景观类型主要有竹林和农田,在较高海拔上分布着泥潭藓沼泽、灌草丛和山顶矮曲林;景观格局与环境关系具有尺度效应,环境因子对景观格局分布的影响程度随着尺度的变化而变化.图2表2参36     

Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West Africa

In recent years, policy mechanisms to support a formalized artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector in sub‐Saharan Africa have gained increasing currency. Proponents of formalization argue that most social and environmental problems associated with the sector stem from the fact that ASM is predominantly unregulated and operates outside the legal sphere. This paper critically examines recent efforts to formalize artisanal and small‐scale mining in West Africa, drawing upon recent fieldwork carried out in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Mali. In exploring the sector's livelihood dimensions, the analysis suggests that bringing unregulated, informal mining activities into the legal domain remains a considerable challenge. The paper concludes by confirming the urgent need to refocus formalization strategies on the main livelihood challenges and constraints of small‐scale miners themselves, if poverty is to be alleviated and more benefits are to accrue to depressed communities in mineral‐rich regions.     

Utilising of the oiled rolling mills scale in iron ore sintering process

Up to 5% of steel is lost with the scale at hot rolling operation. This waste contains 69-72% of iron in the form of oxides. However, its recycling is confronted with presence of up to 20% of oil and 10% of water. E.g. when the oiled scale is introduced as an additive to the iron ore sintering mixture, incomplete combustion of liberated oil at heating during sintering process creates problems for gas cleaning and may even lead to damage of the equipment. A possibility to improve combustion of the scale's oil at the sintering process by preparation of a mixture with peat was shown in the laboratory experiments. Industrial trials demonstrate possibility to increase the oil combustion degree at sintering 2.7 times as much. Consumption of the oiled scale was increased from zero to 12.8 kg (in a form of scale-peat blend) per ton of sinter, which allows for closing the loop of this waste at the integrated steelmaking factory.     

阻垢剂在矿井水阻垢处理中的应用

将阻垢剂应用到矿井水阻垢处理中,在原水总硬度为700mg/L(以CaCO3计)时,通过实验确定最佳阻垢剂组合为ATMP∶PAA=1.4 mg/L∶ 1.4 mg/L,阻垢率可以达到98.2％,从而有效地解决了输水管道内侧结垢的问题.     

大型活动中人群的应急行为研究综述

为完善对大型活动的应急处理能力,预防应急事件发生,研究人群在应急状况下的行为反应及疏散中的行为决策。从应急管理和救援的角度,对国内外现有文献进行梳理,分析大型活动背景下人群的应急行为和疏散时间、应急疏散模型、应急逃生的调查实证、交通及人流行为特征和组织与疏散方案等方面的研究现状,指出当前国内外大多数文献较多地侧重于利用计算机模拟火灾环境以研究单一建筑体中人的应急疏散行为,行为调查以事后调查为主,对火灾环境之外的其他突发应急事件及个体行为特征的研究等较少。同时,基于试验性研究的应急心理反应对于行为的影响研究,以及群体信任和他人行为对于行为决策的影响等可以作为未来研究的重要方向。