燃煤电厂排渣输灰管道清垢器的设计

燃煤电厂输灰管道结垢问题影响发电机组的正常运行.设计研制一种输灰管道清垢器实现不停机除垢,避免传统酸洗对管道的腐蚀破坏和对环境的污染,同时大大降低了成本.设计过程中应用三维CAD建模,利用有限元方法对关键部件校验分析,缩短了设计周期,提高了清垢器的可靠性.     

隧道火灾的全尺寸试验研究

在3条公路隧道上进行了10次全尺寸试验,研究不通火灾条件和风速下烟气的运动情况。主要测量了各隧道1000m范围内的拱顶下方烟气温度、烟气层高度分布以及烟气前锋的运动情况等,并分析了纵向风速对火灾羽流形态、烟气前锋运动速度、隧道内线型缆式感温探测系统响应等的影响。此处所列的所有全尺寸试验数据可以进行进一步的分析,以便研究各种已知火灾模型在计算长隧道火灾时所得的结果是否有效。     

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.     

急倾斜煤层煤巷支护试验研究

对急倾斜煤层中的永久性巷道的支护方式的选择及支护效果进行了系统研究.针对急倾斜煤层中巷道围岩活动的特点,从其支护所面临的困境入手,采用动态设计方法,通过实验室相似模拟、数值模拟和现场测试等综合手段,得出了锚梁网支护方式是该类巷道最有效的支护方式的结论,并取得了理想的支护效果.试验表明采用的设计方法是科学合理的,填补了急倾斜煤层巷道支护理论和设计方法的空白.该研究成果将给类似条件下的巷道支护提供有益的借鉴,因而有广阔的应用前景.     

Patterns of Spatial Autocorrelation in Stream Water Chemistry

Geostatistical models are typically based on symmetric straight-line distance, which fails to represent the spatial configuration, connectivity, directionality, and relative position of sites in a stream network. Freshwater ecologists have explored spatial patterns in stream networks using hydrologic distance measures and new geostatistical methodologies have recently been developed that enable directional hydrologic distance measures to be considered. The purpose of this study was to quantify patterns of spatial correlation in stream water chemistry using three distance measures: straight-line distance, symmetric hydrologic distance, and weighted asymmetric hydrologic distance. We used a dataset collected in Maryland, USA to develop both general linear models and geostatistical models (based on the three distance measures) for acid neutralizing capacity, conductivity, pH, nitrate, sulfate, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved organic carbon. The spatial AICC methodology allowed us to fit the autocorrelation and covariate parameters simultaneously and to select the model with the most support in the data. We used the universal kriging algorithm to generate geostatistical model predictions. We found that spatial correlation exists in stream chemistry data at a relatively coarse scale and that geostatistical models consistently improved the accuracy of model predictions. More than one distance measure performed well for most chemical response variables, but straight-line distance appears to be the most suitable distance measure for regional geostatistical modeling. It may be necessary to develop new survey designs that more fully capture spatial correlation at a variety of scales to improve the use of weighted asymmetric hydrologic distance measures in regional geostatistical models.     

生物膜法A/O系统处理腈纶废水工业试验

本工业试验规模为１４００—１６００ｔ／ｄ,装置Ａ／Ｏ容积比１：３,当平均停留时间２２．６ｈ,回流比３．２,水温约３５℃左右时,平均去除率ＣＯＤｃｒ达８８．３６％、ＢＯＤ５９７．４９％、ＴＮ７７．６７％、ＡＮ９９．４１％。出水各项指标平均值为ＣＯＤＣｒ５３．５７ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＢＯＤ５５．６ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＴＮ１４．９４ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ６．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＡＮ１．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮａＳＣＮ２．６７ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＳ仅２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,因此不设二沉池。     

Community-scale analysis of the farmland abandonment occurrence process in the mountain region of Ladakh,India

Farmland abandonment has been a significant issue in mountain regions. Thus, many studies have attempted to uncover its driving factors. Most existing studies take a large- or meso-scale view of mountain regions, and there are a few studies that provide community-level analysis. Therefore, it is unclear how ecological and sociopolitical factors are actually combined to influence farmland abandonment at a community level. Thus, we conducted a field survey in the mountain village of Ladakh, northern India, beginning in 2009 and tried to understand the farmland abandonment occurrence process from the viewpoint of traditional altitudinal models of land use. Using data collected during the survey, a relationship between altitude and farmland abandonment was established. However, this relationship was complex, combining traditional forms of land use system in the village. The altitudinal model of land use was very common in mountain regions; thus, discussions of current land use issues should be based on an understanding of such traditional altitudinal systems.     

Performance of some biotic indices in the real variable world: A case study at different spatial scales in North-Western Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this study was to analyse the variability of four different benthic biotic indices (AMBI, BENTIX, H′, M-AMBI) in two marine coastal areas of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. In each coastal area, 36 replicates were randomly selected according to a hierarchical sampling design, which allowed estimating the variance components of the indices associated with four different spatial scales (ranging from metres to kilometres). All the analyses were performed at two different sampling periods in order to evaluate if the observed trends were consistent over the time. The variance components of the four indices revealed complex trends and different patterns in the two sampling periods. These results highlighted that independently from the employed index, a rigorous and appropriate sampling design taking into account different scales should always be used in order to avoid erroneous classifications and to develop effective monitoring programs.     

工业化规模生物堆修复焦化类PAHs污染土壤的效果

现场建立处理能力为450 m3工业化规模的生物堆对焦化类PAHs污染土壤进行为期8个月的修复,运行过程中控制土壤C∶N∶P=100∶10∶1、水分10%～20%(质量百分比)、堆内氧气不低于7%(体积百分比)。结果表明:O2与CO2浓度呈负相关。系统连续运行时,微生物数量增加至107数量级,高出自然状态下土壤中微生物数量1～2个数量级。除NO3-在运行后期显著增加外,其余土壤因子均无明显变化。PAHs的降解主要出现在前6个月,之后进入"拖尾"阶段,土壤中各PAH浓度基本不再降低。运行结束后,堆体0.5 m处土壤中含2、3、4、5和6个苯环PAHs的降解率分别介于56.3%～99.5%、34.8%～71.6%、30.7%～40.6%、28.6%～39.2%和39.3%,16种PAHs的平均去除率为65.1%。1.5 m处土壤中含2、3、4、5和6个苯环PAHs的降解率分别介于50.9%～99.8%、57.7%～60.9%、55.9%～63.0%、27.3%～57.1%和52.2%,16种PAHs的平均去除率为71.4%。     

Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy

A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92-97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74-95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min.