Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal(SNDPR),a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale,anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch(OD),where the volumes of anaerobic zone,anoxic zone,and ditches zone of the OD system were 7,21,and 280L,respectively.The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d.The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)rate(rSND) was put forward to quantify SND.The results indicate that:(1)high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase,total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate(TP) removal rates were 80%and 85%,respectively;(2)when the system was aerated excessively,the stability of SND was damaged,and rSND dropped from 80% to 20%or less;(3)the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to MJ4 in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential (ORP);(4)when NO3- was less than 6 mg/L.high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved;(5)denitrifying phosphorus removal (DNPR) could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system.The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.     

A habitat‐based approach to predict impacts of marine protected areas on fishers

Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation.     

适用于移动平台的河流突发污染溯源算法研究

提出了一种适用于小型移动水质检测平台的一维均一地表水单点源污染物溯源新算法,即通过计算污染物在时间域和空间域的质量浓度导数来反推污染物初始排放点的位置、排放时间及污染物总量.首先,通过算例仿真研究表明,此方法具有较高的溯源精度(与理论距离偏差在10％以内).其次,结合目前移动检测的实际限制(平台长度、取样时间等),对算法中涉及的采样时间、距离等因素的选择进行分析,对移动平台的溯源操作给出了优化建议,以确保有较高的溯源精度.最后,通过实验室水槽缩尺模型试验验证了算法有较高溯源精度(最大偏差在30％以内),从而在原理上证明了该算法适用于特定流域下的移动水质污染溯源.     

Use of Single Large or Several Small Policies as Strategies to Manage People–Park Interactions

Biodiversity conservation has been criticized for undermining or ignoring social well‐being. Currently efforts to mutually promote social justice, rural development, and biodiversity conservation, which have been contentious and yielded mixed results, continue to spread despite a general dearth of effective management strategies. We contend that social and economic concerns should be integral to conservation planning and propose that the scale of these phenomena is also critical. To evaluate the merit of this proposal, we adopted and expanded a conservation management strategy framework developed by Joel Heinen and examined how population density, economic disparity, and ethnic heterogeneity vary spatially surrounding 2 contrasting protected areas in East Africa: Kibale National Park in Uganda and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Analyses of demographic, wealth, and ethnicity data from regional censuses and household surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 indicated that choice of scale (landscape or community) changed the management strategies recommended by the model. Therefore, “several small” people?park management strategies varying around a given protected area may be more appropriate than a “single large” people–park strategy applied across an entire protected area. Correspondingly, scale adjusted Heinen recommendations offered new strategies for effective conservation management within these human landscapes not incorporated in current in situ management plans. Uso de Varias Políticas Pequeñas o una Única Política Mayor como Estrategias para Manejar las Interacciones Gente – Parque     

On the ASR and ASR thermal residues characterization of full scale treatment plant

In order to obtain 85% recycling, several procedures on Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) could be implemented, such as advanced metal and polymer recovery, mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, the direct use of ASR in the cement industry, and/or the direct use of ASR as a secondary raw material. However, many of these recovery options appear to be limited, due to the possible low acceptability of ASR based products on the market. The recovery of bottom ash and slag after an ASR thermal treatment is an option that is not usually considered in most countries (e.g. Italy) due to the excessive amount of contaminants, especially metals. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the characteristics of ASR and its full-scale incineration residues. Experiments have been carried out, in two different experimental campaigns, in a full-scale tyre incineration plant specifically modified to treat ASR waste.Detailed analysis of ASR samples and combustion residues were carried out and compared with literature data. On the basis of the analytical results, the slag and bottom ash from the combustion process have been classified as non-hazardous wastes, according to the EU waste acceptance criteria (WAC), and therefore after further tests could be used in future in the construction industry. It has also been concluded that ASR bottom ash (EWC – European Waste Catalogue – code 19 01 12) could be landfilled in SNRHW (stabilized non-reactive hazardous waste) cells or used as raw material for road construction, with or without further treatment for the removal of heavy metals. In the case of fly ash from boiler or Air Pollution Control (APC) residues, it has been found that the Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations exceeded regulatory leaching test limits therefore their removal, or a stabilization process, would be essential prior to landfilling the use of these residues as construction material.     

上海市规模以上工业企业CO2排放量测算与分析研究

2012年上海市成为首批开展碳排放权交易试点城市,各企业可根据年CO2排放量决定其所获得的碳排放交易权。参考政府间气候变化专门委员会（2006）提出的碳排放计算方法建立数学模型,通过对上海市14家规模以上工业企业2001年-2010年C02排放量的测算和分析,显示有5家企业排放量超过100027t,4家企业排放量在10万t～120万t,5家企业位于0～25万t。测算结果为企业获得碳排放权提供一定的参考依据。     

不同取样尺度下华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的空间变异性

基于在3个取样尺度(4、2、1 m)对庞泉沟自然保护区的落叶松人工林(L_arix principis-rupprechtii)土壤呼吸速率(Rs)以及生物和非生物因子的观测数据,对不同取样尺度Rs的空间变异性进行了研究,分析了不同取样尺度下5、10和15 cm深度的土壤温度(T_5、T_(10)、T_(15))、10 cm深度的土壤水分(Ws)、土壤全氮(N)、全碳(C)、碳氮比(C/N)、全硫(S)、凋落物量(L_w)和凋落物含水量(L_m)对Rs空间变异的影响,并计算了3种尺度各变量在不同置信水平与估计精度下的最佳采样数量.结果表明,1除4 m取样尺度的C/N比、2 m的Ws和1 m的T_10、T_15的空间变异属于弱变异外,Rs及其它相关因子的空间变异均属于中等变异;Rs、C/N比和S的变异系数随着取样尺度的增大而减小,N、C、Ws、T_5、T__(10)、T__(15)、L_w和L_m则相反.2随着取样尺度的减小,Rs、Ws、T_5、T_(10)、T_(15)、L_w和L_m的空间自相关性减弱,而C、N和C/N比的空间自相关性增强,S则随着取样间距的减小空间自相关性先减弱后增强.3不同取样尺度下影响Rs空间变异的关键因子不同,在较大的尺度上土壤温度是影响Rs空间变异性的主要因素,而在较小的尺度上则受C、L_m和L_w的共同影响.4随着置信水平和估计精度的减低,R_s及其影响因子的合理取样数目逐渐减少;Rs、C/N比和S的取样数目随着取样间距的减小而增加,而N、C、Ws、T_5、T_(10)、T_(15)、L_w和L_m的取样数量则减少.     

艾比湖区域景观格局与河流水质关系探讨

为进一步明确景观格局对河流水质的影响.本研究选择新疆艾比湖区域为研究对象,以28个水质采样点为中心,建立100、200、300、400 m的河流缓冲区,并提取土地利用/覆被-景观格局数据.首先,通过主成分分析获得水环境的主要水质变量.其次,利用多元线性回归探讨研究区不同宽度缓冲区土地利用/覆被-景观格局变化对河流水质的影响,获得水质管理的有效缓冲区.结果表明：①2015年5月,在艾比湖区域测得的18个地表水水质指标中提取TDS、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺-N、HCO₃^-、Na⁺和TP这6个水质指标.②对斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块指数（LPI）、边缘密度（ED）、景观形状指数（LSI）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）进行统计分析,发现人类活动在4个缓冲区内强弱不均.③本文在不同尺度的缓冲区下,将PD、LPI、ED、LSI、CONTAG和TDS、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺-N、HCO₃^-、Na⁺、TP分别进行相关性分析,发现300m缓冲区相关性最为显著.④在300m缓冲区内,通过多元线性回归分析,将TDS、HCO₃^-与其各自对应的景观指数的关系进行定量化表达,进一步探明区域流域地表水与周围一定缓冲区范围内的景观格局的内在关系.     

堆肥-生物强化对重度石油污染土壤的修复作用

为解决微生物强化修复油污土壤过程中降解菌在低温环境下活性较低的问题,利用有机堆肥作为固体培养基对降解菌进行扩大培养,将获得的降解菌-堆肥制剂施入油污土壤中进行修复研究.利用重量法和GC-MS分析土壤中石油烃含量变化,利用Illumina Mi Seq对土壤微生物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,利用堆肥作为固体基质可对降解菌进行扩大培养.低温环境下利用堆肥-降解菌制剂对油污土壤修复30 d,土壤中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃去除率分别为27.0%、19.6%、10.0%;自然放置的土壤中3种烃去除率分别为4.5%、9.5%、2.3%.加入降解菌-堆肥制剂进行修复的土壤香农指数和Ace指数分别由4.42和1718.5增加为5.30和2170.5;土壤中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)所占丰度由53.4%和25.9%分别降低至48.9%和14.1%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)所占丰度由5.0%增加至24.5%.属水平上,不动细菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)所占丰度由0.02%和3.4%分别提高至15.2%和4.6%.研究结果表明,在低温条件下向石油污染土壤中施入降解菌-堆肥制剂可提高土壤中的石油烃去除率,并使土壤微生物群落结构发生明显变化.