The effect of experience on choosing where to go: an application to a choice experiment on forest recreation

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of experience on the choice of visits to forests in a stated discrete choice experiment. Recent literature has indicated that experiences with the environmental services valuated may increase the respondents' certainty in their choice of hypothetical alternatives. We apply two indicators of experiences: the number of visits and the number of different forests visited during the last year. Applying the generalized multinomial logit model, we find that an increase in the number of visits to forests makes respondents' choices more predictable. However, the number of different forests visited reduces the predictability of choices. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between respondents' experience of forest recreation and the self-reported choice certainty, controlling for respondents' social-demographics and other design characteristics. Finally, we show that self-reported choice certainty is positive correlated with the scale factor, as expected.     

Performance of oil palm kernel shell gasification using a medium-scale downdraft gasifier

This article focused on the performance of oil palm kernel shell (PKS) gasification using a medium-scale downdraft gasifier with a feedstock capacity of 500 kg at a temperature range of 399–700°C and at a feed rate of 177 kg/h. This article is important for evaluating the reliability of PKS gasification for commercial power generation activities from biomass. The process performance was evaluated based on the syngas calorific value (CV), syngas flow rate, and its cold gas efficiency (CGE). The syngas flow rates and CVs were measured using a gas flow meter and a gas analyzer in real time. The data obtained were then analyzed to evaluate the performance of the process. The results showed that the CGE of the process was moderately high (51%) at 681°C, with a high syngas CV (4.45–4.89 MJ/Nm³) which was ideal for gas engine applications. The PKS gasification performance increased when the reactor temperature increased. Projections were made for the CGE and the syngas CV for the PKS gasification with increased reactor temperatures and it was found that these values could be increased up to 80% and 5.2 MJ/Nm^3, respectively at a reactor temperature of 900°C. In addition, the estimated power that could be generated was about 600 kW_e at a maximum operation of 500 kg/h of feed rate. Based on the analysis, a medium-scale PKS gasification is observed to be a promising process for power generation from biomass due to the favorable performance of the process.     

超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮的生成及剥落机理研究

通过对超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮检查和剥落物取样,利用能量色散谱仪和X射线衍射仪对其进行试验研究。分析了T23管内氧化皮的成分和结构特征,阐述了氧化皮生成和剥落机理及其影响因素,并提出了防治氧化皮大面积脱落的措施,为减轻超临界锅炉高温受热面管内氧化皮的生成,避免超温爆管等提供了一定的基础。     

好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便堆肥中温降解的中试研究

控制温度为（35±2）℃,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在控制含水率为55%~60%和强制通风的好氧条件下,进行为期15 d的实验,进行了人粪便好氧堆肥的中试研究,重点分析了在堆肥过程中有机物的降解、氮素的迁移转化规律及生物量的变化。结果表明,粪便中有机物含量在前2天稍微上升,然后迅速下降,最终去除率为71.82%;随着NH₃-N释放量的增加,堆料中N_tot含量从第4天开始减少,最终损失 22.61%,其中N_org损失占74.35%,NH₃-N占23.52%;所损失的氮素有91.66%以氨氮的形式释放。粪便中的有机物和氮的含量能在8~10 d后达到稳定,且堆体无臭味;粪便中溶解性有机物为微生物的生长提供营养物质,因此生物量变化的过程与有机物降解的有着紧密的联系;病原菌在堆肥过程中得到有效去除,表明该反应器堆肥的无害化。     

地下水溶质反常运移的分数阶对流扩散模型研究进展

地下水溶质在非均质多孔介质中的扩散过程并不总是遵循Fick定律,因此称为反常扩散或反常运移,其本质上是非马尔可夫非局域性过程.分数阶对流扩散模型可以对含水层中溶质的这种运移进行充分而准确的描述.本文在阐明多孔介质溶质反常运移基本问题及其动力学机理基础上,综述了三类分数阶对流扩散模型,即空间分数阶对流扩散模型、时间分数阶对流扩散模型和分布式分数阶对流扩散模型,并详细讨论了分数阶对流扩散模型在地下水溶质反常运移领域的应用前景和挑战.     

开发区外场中距离大气扩散模式对城区影响研究

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》中提出了对规划 (含开发区 )要进行环境影响评价 ,而开发区建设大多在城市近郊 ,与城区一般相距十几公里以上 ,大气环境影响评价中属中距离范围。本文分析了在复杂地形条件下中距离大气扩散模式的计算方法及其对城区的影响。     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

工业废水排放的影响因素量化分析

工业废水排放量的大小受工业发展水平、产业结构、产品结构、技术工艺及设备水平、管理政策、环境法规等多因素的综合影响。选取长江三角洲典型地区的主要污染排放指标,重点分析工业经济规模、工业行业结构、工业技术进步以及环境治理投资等因素与工业水污染排放之间的相互关系。研究结果表明：随着长江三角洲地区产业结构的调整、工业技术进步、工业废水达标排放政策的实施,工业规模的扩大并没有引起工业废水的显著增加。从制造业结构看,有些行业的废水排放量对其结构调整比较敏感; 相反,有些行业的废水排放量对其结构的调整不敏感。工业技术进步和环境治理投资与工业废水排放量呈现负相关,说明工业技术进步、环境污染治理对于减少工业水污染排放起重要作用。     

降雨随历时变化标度性质的探讨

降雨公式是水文计算的基本依据之一，也是工程师和水文学家十分关心的问题。长期以来水文中采用的降雨公式是基于大量降雨资料而建立起来的经验公式，多年的实践表明该公式能客观地反映降雨特性，计算结果符合实际，但是对该公式的理论基础却不太清楚。着眼于降雨在时间上的自相似性，将标度理论应用于降雨时间尺度问题，对降雨强度随历时变化的标度性质进行了研究，探讨了降雨公式的理论基础。由标度理论阐述了降雨标度性质（标度不变性）在时间尺度上的意义，并用此理论研究了成都望江楼站的降雨资料，计算了该站不同历时下降雨强度的各阶矩和变差系数，研究的结果表明，在一定的时间尺度范围内，降雨强度随历时变化确实具有多标度性质。最后由降雨强度随历时变化的标度性质推导出降雨公式，说明了降雨公式是降雨在时间尺度上标度特性的表示。     

基于水足迹的区域生态补偿标准及时空格局研究

水资源是一种公共物品,其效益外部性使得水资源保护与开发利用成本应由相关的若干区域共同承担,因此,建立合理的区域生态补偿标准模型及区域内外共同补偿机制是当前生态经济领域的研究前沿。通过构建水足迹与生态补偿标准模型,对江西省及11地市水足迹与水生态补偿标准进行了估算。主要结果如下:2000~2013年,江西省总生产水足迹呈现先下降后增长的趋势,粮食、水产品、猪肉生产所占比重较大,水盈余呈波动下降趋势。11地市生产水足迹与水足迹效率呈上升趋势,除南昌市出现水赤字要支付生态补偿资金外,其余各市均有水盈余,应获得生态补偿资金。2000~2013年江西省水盈余共需补偿1 805.76亿元,平均每年128.98亿元。赣南的赣州市、赣中的吉安市、赣东北的上饶市、赣东的抚州市获得补偿额较高,将优先获得区域内外生态补偿额度。该研究结果可为生态文明先行示范区与区域生态补偿机制建立提供一定的科学依据。