基于天然气供气业务突发事件情景构建的应急演练技术与实践

为了解决由于天然气管网供气量、用气量变化所导致的天然气供气业务突发事件应对问题,在天然气供气业务突发事件风险特点的基础上,围绕突发事件发生前的应急演练开展针对性研究。结合天然气供气业务资源流向特点,分析可能导致天然气供气业务发生突发事件的3种主控因素,并在研究分析国内外情景构建技术研究与应用现状的基础上,设计包括情景概要等5个一级要素、19项二级要素为基础的天然气供气业务突发事件应急演练脚本,为相关企业开展天然气供气业务突发事件应急演练提供参考和借鉴。     

Tri-generation investment analysis using Bayesian network: A case study

The increasing energy demand, increasing energy dependency, energy supply security, and environmental concerns have become a part of business policies since COP21 agreements in Paris, 2015. Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP or tri-generation) systems play an important role in paying the necessary attention to these policies. Tri-generation investment is a complex decision with hybrid use of energy resources. This article aims to reduce the complexity of this decision by the use of Bayesian belief networks in pre-investment stage of tri-generation investment project cycle. The proposed model gives an insight into decision analysis and helps the decision-makers either generate or purchase from it in order to meet the energy demand with different scenarios. The model is studied for a university case. The investment decision for a CCHP (tri-generation) system will be discussed as an alternative for purchasing the electricity and natural gas from the national grids.     

Modeling soil conservation, water conservation and their tradeoffs:A case study in Beijing

Natural ecosystems provide society with important goods and services. With the rapid increase in human populations and excessive utilization of natural resources, humans frequently enhance the production of some services at the expense of the others. Although the need for tradeoffs between conservation and development is urgent, the lack of efficient methods to assess such tradeoffs has impeded progress. Three land use strategy scenarios (development scenario, plan trend scenario and conservation scenario) were created to forecast potential changes in ecosystem services from 2007 to 2050 in Beijing, China. GIS-based techniques were used to map spatial and temporal distribution and changes in ecosystem services for each scenario. The provision of ecosystem services differed spatially, with significant changes being associated with different scenarios. Scenario analysis of water yield (as average annual yield) and soil retention (as retention rate per unit area) for the period 2007 to 2050 indicated that the highest values for these parameters were predicted for the forest habitat under all three scenarios. Annual yield/retention of forest, shrub, and grassland ranked the highest in the conservation scenario. Total water yield and soil retention increased in the conservation scenario and declined dramatically in the other two scenarios, especially the development scenario. The conservation scenario was the optimal land use strategy, resulting in the highest soil retention and water yield. Our study suggests that the evaluation and visualization of ecosystem services can effectively assist in understanding the tradeoffs between conservation and development. Results of this study have implications for planning and monitoring future management of natural capital and ecosystem services, which can be integrated into land use decision-making.     

Scenario Formation of Energy Demand and CO_2 Emissions for Sustainable China

Co-integration theory has been employed in this paper and Granger causes are found between urbanization rate and GDP, between capital stock and GDP. Scenario analysis of GDP is performed using the GDP model established in the paper. The energy consumptions in Germany, Japan and other developed countries are analyzed and compared with the energy consumption in China. Environmental friendly scenario of energy demand and CO2 emissions for sustainable China has been formed based on the results of comparison. Under environmental friendly scenario, the primary energy consumption will be 4.31 billion ton coal equivalence （tee） and CO2 emissions will be 1.854 billion t-c in 2050; energy per capital will be 3.06 tee that is 1.8 times of energy consumed in 2005 in China and 51% of consumed energy per capital in Japan in 2003. In 2050, the energy requirement of unit GDP will be 20% lower than that of Germany in 2003, but will be still 37% higher than that in Japan in 2003. It is certain that to fulfill the environmental friendly Scenario of energy demand and CO2 emissions is a difficult task and it needs long term efforts of the whole society, not only in production sectors but also in service and household sectors,     

中国民航业中长期碳排放预测与技术减排潜力分析

基于LEAP构建自下而上的中国民航业能源系统模型,设置冻结、现有政策、力度、替代和革命五组情景,深入分析民航业的驱动因子和发展趋势,探讨中国民航业中长期低碳发展的技术路径.结果显示,预计2060年左右人均乘机次数翻两番,突破2人次,冻结情景下2060年会带来高达6.9亿t的碳排放.力度情景下,民航业碳排放有望在2044年左右达峰,峰值水平控制在3亿t左右,40年累积减排近50%,仅需增加约1万亿人民币的成本.稳步推进机队更新换代,加快基础设施提升和运营操作改进,发展可持续航空燃料是民航业必须依赖的减排手段,分别能带来44.1%、29.5%和26.4%的减排量.因此,民航业要尽早制定行业"双碳"目标和实施路径计划,中短期统筹推进空域改革、空中交通管理和航司精细化管理,大力支持国产大飞机的发展,长期推动可持续航空燃料全产业链商业化和市场化.     

密云水库及其流域营养物集成模拟的情景分析研究

在密云水库水环境模拟预测集成模型的支持下,考察了不同点源、非点源污染负荷控制措施对水库水质的影响和作用,制定了4个情景方案.基础情景分析表明,密云水库TN超标严重,TP相对较好,叶绿素浓度超过10μg/L的区域主要集中在潮河库区,而且面积较大.情景1、情景2和情景3是考虑了不同点源、非点源管理措施后的密云水库水质状况.结果表明,营养负荷的下降能显著地改善水体水质,尤其是磷负荷的降低可有效地制约藻类生长,叶绿素浓度显著降低,超过10μg/L的区域缩小甚至消失.这一结论说明了加强密云水库流域及周边地区工业、生活和畜禽养殖等点源和农业非点源污染控制对改善密云水库水质的有效性和必要性.     

Generic scenario for the impact of cooling lubricants into the hydrosphere

According to directive 93/67/EEC of the European Commission, this paper deals with the generic exposition evaluation of the environmental concentration of cooling Lubricant chemicals from the metal working industry into the hydrosphere. After considering the relevant life-cycle steps and the selection of a representative point source for the 'reasonable worst case', the emission per day Elocal(water) is determined. It leads to the predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal(water)) for the local stage in the compartment water. In order to gain the PEClocal(water) for an example--a corrosion inhibitor as additive in a cooling lubricant--, the relevant emission paths and the corresponding representative point source are described for the reasonable worst case. For non-water-miscible cooling lubricants, none of the operations in the life cycle leads to a release into the compartment water. To evaluate the hazard potential for cooling lubricant chemicals, the complete risk assessment has to be done. Also, the assessment has to be done for all high production volume chemicals, new substances and existing hazard chemicals. This means that even industrial categories like chemicals used in the textile industry or biocides and others have to be evaluated.     

中国生物质燃气产能及碳减排潜力

基于回归分析预测模型和来源分类预测模型对2020~2050年生物质燃气产量和能源结构占比进行预测,并对碳减排潜力进行了情景分析.结果表明,回归分析预测偏差较小,其中逐步回归预测偏差值为9.34%,略小于多元线性回归的13.99%.来源分类模型的准确度高于回归模型.到2050年,沼气增幅约为176%.在低碳情景中提高生物质燃气应用比例最高可降低未来情景中10%的碳排放量,表明大力发展生物质燃气对于碳减排和碳循环有较为明显的正面效应.结合现状对经济,技术,市场等方面提出政策建议.为下一步发掘生物质燃气产品市场潜力提供理论指导.     

Analysis of Long-term Energy and Carbon Emission Scenarios for India

In the coming years India faces greatchallenges in energy and environment. Thepath of development chosen by India, uponwhich lies the future growth of energy andemission trajectories, would be greatlyinfluenced by technological developmentsboth within and outside the country,economic cooperation between countries, andglobal cooperation in limiting greenhousegas emissions. This paper discusses theintegrated modeling system used fordeveloping and analyzing the long-termtrajectories and presents results for thescenarios developed. In the context ofongoing market reforms two scenarios –accelerated and decelerated reforms – aredeveloped depicting fast and slow progressin energy sector reforms compared toexpectations in the baseline scenario.Accelerated market reforms would spurimprovements in technological efficiencies.Reforms would lower investment risks inIndia, thereby stimulating increased levelsof foreign direct investment. On the otherhand in decelerated reform scenarioeconomic growth is lower than that in thebase case, there is low access to capital,and technological improvements lag behindthose in the base case. In another scenariowe assume specific policy interventions forpenetration of renewable technologies overthe baseline scenario, for promotion andaccelerated deployment of renewable energytechnologies over and above the baselineassumptions. A scenario with carbon(c) constraints has also been developed and theresults discussed.     

基于分配指数的渤海TN总量分配研究

以控制渤海富营养化、减少TN排放量为目的,对渤海TN总量分配进行了研究. 综合考虑污染物总量分配的公平性和效率,采用环境容量、水资源量、人口、耕地面积、GDP和现状排放量6个因子建立了渤海污染物总量分配指数,构建了基于线性响应场的污染物总量分配模型. 考虑到权重系数的影响,分别按全指标、强调水资源利用和强调非点源3类,构建了7种权重系数方案(F11、F12、F13、F14、F21、F31、F32). 结果表明,渤海2010年TN入海量(16.4×104 t/a)是其环境容量(4.7×104 t/a)的3.5倍,同时受污染源位置和分配公平性的影响,接近或超过一半以上的环境容量实际上并不能被充分利用. 采用总体削减率和削减率≥95%的污染源所占比例2个指标,对7种权重方案下的总量分配结果进行了比较. 方案中凡是过分强调单项因子(如环境容量、水资源量、耕地面积等)的TN分配结果均具有明显的不足,只有F13方案兼顾了公平和效率. 综合考虑TN总体削减率和削减率≥95%的污染源所占比例2个指标,建议方案F13为推荐方案,其TN总体削减率为85%,其中前10位的污染源削减量之和可占总削减量的79%.