黄浦江上游地区水环境质量演变趋势

为全面反映黄浦江上游地区水质情况，在黄浦江上游地区共选取包括黄浦江干流及上游主要来水水系的7个监测站点的15年监测数据，作为本次黄漓江上游地区水质状况演变分析的主要依据。黄漓江上游水源地处东部平原感潮河网地区．水源地内河道密布、纵横交错，水系结构极为复杂，水源承接上游江苏、浙江来水，其水源保护具有鲜明的区位特殊性和区域综合性。长三角地区河流有机污染严重，普遍出现水体黑臭现象，尤其是近10年来，这一问题日趋突出，许多中小河流的水体溶解氧几乎为零。出现季节性的或终年的水体黑臭。如果不能保证上游江浙来水水质，即使能有效控制水源地点源、非点源污染，而水源水质也很难保证。因此．除了加强对黄浦江上游点源、非点源污染的控制力度，江浙来水亦将成为决定水源水质的重要因子。     

资源型区域中心城市的产业演进与城市化发展——以太原市为例

在经济发展的不同阶段。工业化与城市化之间的关系有不同的表现。其产业演进与城市化发展特征也不相同。本文以山西省会城市——太原市为例。研究了资源型区域中心城市的产业演进与城市化发展。主要思路是：在对产业演进与城市化发展的相关研究成果进行梳理的基础上。分析总结了资源型区域中心城市产业演进与城市化发展的基本规律。以太原为案例研究了不同发展阶段产业演进与城市化发展的特征和机制。并对其未来发展方向进行了讨论。     

Comparative studies on the sex pheromones of Ostrinia spp. in Japan: the burdock borer, Ostrinia zealis

Summary. To gain insight into the evolution of the sex pheromone communication system in Ostrinia (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), the sex pheromone of the burdock borer, O. zealis was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts (ratio) of the four compounds in single sex pheromone glands were 2.5 ng (13%), 11.6 ng (61%), 4.1 ng (21%) and 0.9 ng (5%), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females. 14:OAc did not show any enhancement or inhibition of the males’ behavioral responses when added to the ternary blend. The attractiveness of the 3-component lure to O. zealis males was also confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. zealis is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 70:24:6. The evolutionary changes of the sex pheromones in Ostrinia are also discussed based on the presently available information on the sex pheromones and phylogenetic relationships of Ostrinia spp. Received 25 September 1998; accepted 2 December 1998.     

深部近距离煤层上行开采覆岩运动及应力分布试验研究

为深入研究深部近距离煤层上行开采过程中岩层应力分布、断裂破坏及下沉变形特征,根据深部煤层开采的具体工程地质条件,建立了深部近距离煤层上行开采相似材料试验模型,对上行开采中围岩应力变化、覆岩运动及裂隙演化过程进行了模拟分析。获得了下煤层和上煤层开采过程中,围岩应力分布变化特点及分区特征、岩层裂隙富集区主要分布区域及其演化规律,煤层开采过程中切眼和煤壁附近岩层断裂角的变化特征,并得到了两煤层工作面相对位置不同情况下,岩层裂隙富集区演化特点、断裂角变化及下沉变形规律。研究成果为类似条件下煤层上行开采、瓦斯抽采提供参考。     

基于生物免疫的化工园区事故发生机理研究

基于生物免疫系统抵御疾病(抗原)的原理,从事故致因、事故演化过程和事故发展规律出发,分析化工园区事故发生机理。结果表明,安全生产免疫系统的免疫力持续低于抗原系统的抗原强度是化工园区事故发生的根本原因;化工园区事故演化过程包括潜伏期、萌芽期、暴露期和恢复期,各个时期的形成是安全生产系统的免疫力和抗原系统的抗原强度之间的差异决定的;化工园区事故发生具有周期性,每个事故发展周期内都包含安全生产免疫系统→免疫力过低的免疫因子→事故触发免疫因子和安全生产抗原系统→抗原强度过大的抗原因子→事故触发抗原因子的变化过程。     

基于熵理论的重大事故复杂链式演化机理及其建模

为完善重大事故演化的本质规律和探究事故后果累积放大原理,从安全物质学的视角提出事故链定义和形成机理,并解析其内涵;通过物质、能量和信息表征事故链演化过程的载体反映;基于物质流、能量流和信息流构建事故链式演化概念模型;基于熵理论和耗散结构理论论述事故阶段演化特性;在此基础上,提炼事故预防与控制策略框架。研究结果丰富了事故链式演化理论,可为事故预防与控制提供更深层次的理论基础。     

The uses and implications of avian vocalizations for conservation planning

There is a growing recognition that animal behavior can affect wildlife conservation, but there have been few direct studies of animal behavior in conservation programs. However, a great deal of existing behavioral research can be applied in the context of conservation. Research on avian vocalizations provides an excellent example. The conspicuous nature of the vocal behavior of birds makes it a useful tool for monitoring populations and measuring biodiversity, but the importance of vocalizations in conservation goes beyond monitoring. Geographic song variants with population-specific signatures, or dialects, can affect territory formation and mate choice. Dialects are influenced by cultural evolution and natural selection and changes can accumulate even during the timescale of conservation interventions, such as translocations, reintroductions, and ex situ breeding. Information from existing research into avian vocalizations can be used to improve conservation planning and increase the success of interventions. Vocalizations can confer a number of benefits for conservation practitioners through monitoring, providing baseline data on populations and individuals. However, the influence of cultural variation on territory formation, mate choice, and gene flow should be taken into account because cultural differences could create obstacles for conservation programs that bring birds from multiple populations together and so reduce the success of interventions.     

猪肉价格周期波动的时空差异特征及影响因素研究

我国作为猪肉生产大国、消费大国,猪肉价格波动事关普通百姓生活。利用2001—2019年猪肉价格省级面板数据,对猪肉价格长期波动的空间差异性进行了分析。结果表明:①从我国八大经济区及调入区、调出区猪肉价格区域差异测度结果来看,北部沿海区域内各省份猪肉价格差异最大,东北区域和长江中游区域差异较小;同时从猪肉价格差异贡献率来看,区域内差异贡献率更大。②从猪肉价格波动时空演进测度结果来看,地区间差异明显存在,同时各省份之间空间集聚性呈现出波动状态,表现出先减弱后增强的长期趋势。③从对猪肉价格周期性变化规律分析结果来看,价格波动存在明显的周期性,“猪瘟”、重大疫情等突发因素短期影响作用较大,而常规因素的影响才是价格波动真正推手。④在所筛选的猪肉价格常规影响因素中,育肥猪配合饲料价格、仔猪价格、地区生产总值引起猪肉价格差异的作用显著,且育肥猪配合饲料价格对猪肉价格差异影响程度最大。     

基于陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系研究

经过近60年的探索和实践,我国海洋生态环境管理机制体制不断完善,海洋生态环境综合管理能力显著提升。本文立足我国海洋生态环境管理现状,重点从强化制度约束性、机制协同性和政策指导性等角度分析了存在的主要问题,阐述了陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系框架,并提出了构建以生物多样性保护为核心的海洋生态环境管理分区、建立以氮磷污染物为重点的陆海协同排放管控制度、完善以监测评估为核心的海洋生态监管制度、建立以入海河流和海湾为重点的区域联防联控机制和完善以海洋生态补偿和赔偿为核心的财政政策等重点任务,可为建立陆海统筹的生态环境治理制度提供参考。     

Evolution,variability and sustainable development

SUMMARY

Sustainable development is a global challenge to science and society. In politics and economics the concepts for establishing a sustainable society are numerous, nonetheless necessary interdisciplinary approaches are still marginalised. Trying to foster a deeper communication between biology and social science, an evolutionary perspective on sustainable development is offered. Subsequently, the role of variability and diversity in evolution is highlighted. Hereby, special attention is devoted, among other things, to the links between variability and stability in the long term. Next, selection and variability are emphasised in the cultural context. This is followed by general implications for sustainability. In contrast to strategies aiming at short-term optimisation and economic efficiency, we argue that the conditions and circumstances maintaining variability and momentary sub-optimal alternatives are highly relevant for a socio-economic system that is heading for sustainable development.