浑河流域贮存污泥成分特征及演变规律分析

随着城镇化的加速,浑河流域贮存污泥堆积量逐年增加,对环境产生潜在而长期的威胁.为了实现贮存污泥的资源化、无害化处理,开展了贮存污泥成分特征及其随时间变化规律分析.本研究分析了基本理化性质[含水率、pH、挥发性有机物(VS)、总碱度]、营养元素指标(TC、TN、C/N、TK、TP)、微生物组成、重金属含量及形态等指标.结果表明VS及各种营养元素含量均呈现下降的趋势;含水率规律性不明显;pH稳定在7左右;细菌在微生物中占绝对优势,约占90%,厌氧微生物含量增加;Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Hg等重金属含量及形态并未呈现明显的规律性变化,重金属形态主要以残渣态等稳定态存在;Cu的含量超过GB 4284-1984中Cu的最高限值,因此贮存污泥农用风险较大.     

Active oxygen doctors the evidence

Investigation at the scene of a crime begins with the search for clues. In the case of bloodstains, the most frequently used reagents are luminol and reduced phenolphthalein (or phenolphthalin that is also known as the Kastle–Meyer colour test). The limitations of these reagents have been studied and are well known. Household cleaning products have evolved with the times, and new products with active oxygen are currently widely used, as they are considered to be highly efficient at removing all kinds of stains on a wide range of surfaces. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of these new cleaning products on latent bloodstains that may be left at a scene of a crime. To do so, various fabrics were stained with blood and then washed using cleaning agents containing active oxygen. The results of reduced phenolphthalein, luminol and human haemoglobin tests on the washed fabrics were negative. The conclusion is that these new products alter blood to such an extent that it can no longer be detected by currently accepted methods employed in criminal investigations. This inability to locate bloodstains means that highly important evidence (e.g. a DNA profile) may be lost. Consequently, it is important that investigators are aware of this problem so as to compensate for it.

海水入侵影响下的地下水化学演化及其指示意义——以深圳市宝安区为例

以深圳市宝安区为典型研究区,在采集大量地下水样并做常量水化学组分测试和分析的基础上,探讨了研究区地下水化学在海水入侵影响下的演化及其指示意义,为该区域地下水资源的保护提供科学依据.     

南水北调工程对长江口轮虫的影响研究

通过2005年9月(丰水期)和2006年4月(枯水期)两次对长江口轮虫的分布调查,研究南水北调东线工程实施后长江口轮虫的变化规律,比较南北两支轮虫种类、密度、生物量的分布状况,分析轮虫的演变规律及其与盐度、径流量、含沙量等的关系,探讨南水北调工程对水生生物的影响。     

基于风险矩阵的灾害演化网络定量分析方法

针对使用度值定性分析灾害演化网络的局限性问题,为了使灾害演化风险分析结果更准确,提出了一种将灾害演化网络与风险矩阵有机结合的分析方法.在分析灾害演化网络结构特征和风险组成的理论基础上,考虑节点自身风险水平和灾害演化系统的综合风险水平,基于可能性和后果严重程度两大因素引入风险矩阵法,对灾害节点风险水平进行量化分级,并通过...     

Distributional dynamic and trend evolution of China’s agricultural carbon emissions – an analysis on panel data of 31 provinces from 2002 to 2011

Researching the dynamic distribution characteristics and trend evolution of agricultural carbon emissions is of considerable significance in formulating an effective agricultural carbon reduction policy. Based on measurement of agricultural carbon emissions of 31 provinces over the period 2002–2011, the study observed regional differences and the dynamic evolution of distribution of agricultural carbon emissions using agricultural carbon intensity as the indicator, accompanied by Gini coefficients and the kernel density estimation method. The results demonstrate first that agricultural carbon emissions for China show an obvious nonequilibrium nature in regard to spatial distribution. According to the differences in agricultural carbon emissions dynamic trends, we divided the 31 regions into four types – continuous decline, fluctuating decline, continuous increase, and fluctuating increase. Further, agricultural carbon emissions intensity showed a downward trend with significant differences in the research areas. Second, the gap in spatial distribution of national agricultural carbon emissions is gradually expanding based on the results calculated by Gini coefficient. From the perception of regional differences in agricultural carbon emissions, the eastern region showed an average level, the gap was more obvious in the central region, while western region showed a trend of fluctuating downward. Third, according to estimation by kernel density, the regional disparity in agricultural carbon emissions had a downward, but limited, trend. In regard to agricultural carbon emissions over the three areas, the regional gap not only tended to decrease but also showed a “four way” differentiation phenomenon in the eastern region. The difference in the central region difference was narrower. On the whole, the gap for the western region reduced steadily over a small range.     

中国省际电力流动空间格局及其演变特征

基于国家电力市场交易年报和中国能源统计年鉴等资料,核算建立解释度在95%以上的2006年和2015年省际电力O-D流表,并运用影响力、外向度、汇聚力和依赖度等指标,对中国省际电力流动的源点与汇点及流场特征进行分析,比较2006-2015年电力流动格局的变化。然后运用网络分析方法,分析了省际电力联系网络的空间结构特征及其变化,解析了网络变化对流场格局变化的影响方式。研究发现：2006-2015年中国的电力源点体系逐步由中部地区向西部地区推移,重点向西南地区集聚;电力产消格局的空间差异加大,源点电力输出量和汇点电力输入量呈现增加趋势,省际电力流动的规模和网络联系密度都呈现加强趋势;电力输送的西电东输格局并没有打破,但随着特高压技术的发展与应用,远距离电力输送成为可能,一些大的电力汇点采取了多源点供应,电力联系网络逐步趋于均衡化,省际电力流场在保持既有三大通道的同时,网络化增强。     

西北干旱区生态承载力监测及安全格局构建

以西北干旱区为研究区,通过引入生态环境弹性力、资源环境供容力、社会经济压力三个准则层,建立了生态承载力综合评价体系。在此基础上运用空间主成分分析法（SPCA）对西北干旱区2000年、2007年、2012年、2016年四期生态承载力时空变化进行监测评估,进而构建生态安全格局。研究结果表明：西北干旱区生态承载力以弱承载为主,且在研究时段弱承载区面积不断下降,而强承载区面积有上升趋势;从空间分布看,河西地区、北疆地区、内蒙古西部地区生态承载力呈上升趋势,而南疆地区则有所下降;利用MCR模型提取道路型廊道、河流型廊道、绿色廊道共51条,总长度7285.43 km;提取重要斑块区节点、河流湿地区节点、生态脆弱区节点等共71个。根据计算结果将西北干旱区划分为16个生态安全格局,并结合生态承载力变化情况,对现有的安全格局进行布局优化,以期为西北干旱区生态环境的保护和恢复治理提供科学参考。     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源及含水层参数同步反演

针对非均质地下含水层污染源识别及含水层参数反演过程中监测方案优化问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯公式及信息熵最小的累进加井的多井监测方案优化方法.首先,构建假想案例下的二维非均质各向同性潜水含水层水流及溶质运移模型,运用GMS软件进行数值模拟求解.采用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging法建立数值模拟模型的替代模型.然后以参数后验分布的信息熵最小为目标函数,采用累进加井的方式进行多井监测方案优化设计.最后根据优化后的监测方案,采用差分进化自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源及含水层参数的同步反演.算例研究表明：在兼顾反演精度及监测成本,并保证每个参数分区内至少有1眼监测井的条件下,5眼井组合监测方案（6,5,1,2,8）为最优监测方案.与信息熵最小的10眼井组合监测方案（1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10）的参数反演结果相比,5眼井组合监测方案对11个参数α=（X_S,Y_S,T₁,T₂,Q_s,K₁,K₂,K₃,DL₁,DL₂,DL₃）的后验均值偏离率的平均值虽增大1.2%,但监测成本却是10眼井组合监测方案的50%.     

中国西北地区NPP变化及其对干旱的响应分析

为探究多年来中国西北地区NPP（植被净初级生产力）变化及其与干旱的关系,基于改进的MOD17A3数据,利用变化率分析、Mann-Kendall统计检验方法及GIS分析方法,对2000-2015年中国西北地区及其各省区NPP的地域分异规律及变化特征进行了研究;同时,利用PDSI（帕尔默干旱指数）与NPP数据实现了NPP对干旱的响应分析.结果表明:2000-2015年,中国西北地区NPP分布格局基本一致,整体上呈自西北向东南逐渐增加趋势,但各省区NPP的增幅不同,其中,以甘肃省的增幅最为明显,宁夏回族自治区和陕西省其次,青海省再次,新疆维吾尔自治区增幅最不明显.中国西北地区NPP增加区域主要分布于甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区南部及陕西省中北部,减少区域主要分布于新疆维吾尔自治区天山中段哈尔克山一带及陕西省中部.PDSI与NPP的相关性分析显示,中国西北地区81.71%区域的NPP与PDSI呈正相关;同时,NPP对PDSI变化响应结果显示,由于人为因素的影响,部分地区NPP与干旱程度变化呈现异向关系,说明人为因素开始成为中国西北地区NPP的重要影响因素.研究显示,2000-2015年中国西北地区NPP整体呈现增长态势,年增长速率约为0.59 g/m2,新疆维吾尔自治区天山中部及阿尔泰山一带NPP变化较为剧烈,多年NPP变化率均低于-20%;与此同时,干旱仍旧是制约中国西北地区NPP增长的主要因素.