Assessing estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of the Liao River system in northeast China using combined chemical and biological tools

This paper investigated some selected estrogenic compounds (4-t-octylphenol: 4-t-OP; 4-nonylphenols: 4-NP; bisphenol-A: BPA; diethylstilbestrol: DES; estrone: E1; 17β-estradiol: E2; 17α-Ethinylestradiol: EE2; triclosan: TCS) and estrogenicity in the Liao River system using the combined chemical and in vitro yeast screen bioassay and assessed their ecological risks to aquatic organisms. The estrogenic compounds 4-t-OP, 4-NP, BPA, E1, E2 and TCS were detected in most of the samples, with their concentrations up to 52.1 2065.7, 755.6, 55.8, 7.4 and 81.3 ng/L in water, and up to 8.6, 558.4, 33.8, 7.9, <LOQ and 33.9 ng/g in sediment, respectively. However, DES and EE2 were not detected in the Liao River. The estrogen equivalents (EEQ) of the water and sediment samples were also measured by the bioassay. High estrogenic risks to aquatic organisms were found in the river sections of metropolitan areas and the lower reach of the river system.     

The identification of readily bioavailable pollutants in lake shkodra/skadar using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), bioassays and chemical analysis

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lake Shkodra/Skadar is the largest lake in the Balkans region and located on the border between Albania to the south and Montenegro to the north. Because of the wide range of endemic, rare or endangered plant and animal species it supports, Lake Shkodra/Skadar and its extensive associated wetlands are internationally recognised as a site of significance and importance (Ramsar site). In recent years, social and economic changes in both Albania and Montenegro have lead to unprecedented levels of urban and industrial effluent entering the lake. Of particular concern is the increasing input of toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) into the lake and the degree to which these compounds are available for uptake by aquatic biota. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been shown to sample the readily bioavailable fraction (dissolved phase) of waterborne HOPs and in doing so provide relevant data for exposure assessment. The aim of the current study was to use SPMD-based sampling in conjunction with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis to identify readily bioavailable HOPs in the lake. METHODS: SPMDs were constructed and deployed at three sites in the Albanian sector and three sites in the Montenegrin sector of Lake Skadar/Shkodra for 21 days. Following the dialytic recovery of target analytes and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, aliquots of SPMD samples were subjected to GC-MS scan analysis for major components, GC-MS SIM analysis for 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PP-PAHs) and assayed for EROD-inducing, estrogenic and mutagenic potential using rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the Ames Test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 39 compounds were tentatively identified in SPMD samples from the six sampling sites. Alkylated PAHs were the most abundant and ubiquitous compounds present along with various sterols and sterol derivatives. Numerous other compounds remain unidentified. 15 of the 16 targeted PP-PAHs were present in samples from one or more of the sampling sites indicating these compounds are both readily bioavailable and widely distributed in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Total PP-PAH concentrations ranged between 3991 ng/SPMD and 10695 ng/SPMD. Bioassays carried out on SPMD samples revealed significant EROD-inducing and estrogenic potential at five of the six sampling sites indicating toxicologically relevant compounds are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota. EROD-inducing potential was positively correlated with targeted PP-PAH concentration (r2 = 0.74). However, comparison of bioassay- and analytically-derived toxicity equivalents revealed targeted PP-PAHs were responsible for less than 0.06% of the total EROD-inducing potential. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK: The combination of SPMD-based sampling with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis provided an effective tool for the identification of environmentally relevant waterborne pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Our results show that toxicologically relevant HOPs including EROD-inducing and potentially estrogenic compounds are widely distributed in the lake and readily available for uptake by aquatic biota. Our results also suggest that alkylated PAHs rather than parent compounds may be of greater toxicological relevance in the lake. As anthropogenic influences continue to increase, SPMD-based sampling is expected to play a central role in future research concerned with the identification, monitoring and assessment of the risk posed by HOPs to Lake Shkodra/Skadar's aquatic biota.     

生物强化技术及其在废水生物处理中的应用

生物强化技术广泛应用于废水生物处理中,而竞争力和适应性强的高效菌株筛选是生物强化技术的决定性因素.论述了利用具有代谢性能的可移动基因片段强化、基因工程菌强化和常规微生物学手段分离菌株的生物强化技术,并阐述了生物强化技术在废水生物处理过程中去除难降解有机物,去除过量的氮、磷等营养物质,维持生物系统稳定性中的应用.     

10t／h冲天炉排烟除尘采用振打式玻纤扁袋除尘器实践

本除尘器占地小，钢耗能耗省，滤袋寿命长，适合老厂房的护、窑排烟除尘治理改造；并介绍了调试后投入使用的情况．     

矸石脱介筛降噪治理

矸石脱介筛担负着排矸及回收磁铁矿粉的作用，原振动筛因噪声指标严重超标造成诸多问题，通过降低电机转速、采用激振装置，使用新型耐磨材料筛板等降噪措施，满足生产需求，工作环境改善，维修工作量降低，具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

采用液膜网滤法处理抛光车间粉尘

采用网滤预处理和液膜喷淋技术处理汽车龙骨抛光车间粉尘,实践证明,采用该技术的处理系统具有效果好、投资低、运行稳定,噪声低、除尘效率高等优点。     

Luminance of the Surround and Visual Fatigue of VDT Operators

Luminance distribution in the visual field is considered as one of causal factors with a significant influence on visual fatigue, especially for intensive and extended Video Display Terminal (VDT) work. The aim of the study was to define visual fatigue of VDT operators for different values of surrounding luminance. Experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions under 3 lighting conditions. Only 1 lighting parameter—the luminance of the wall behind the display (surrounding luminance)—changed. Visual fatigue was measured both by a subjective evaluation of different visual complaints (asthenopic symptoms) and by objective measurements of changes in the following visual functions: accommodation, convergence, habitual horizontal phoria, critical fusional frequency (CFF), and visual acuity. The same experiments were done for CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and LCD TFT (Liquid Crystal Display with Thin Film Transistor) screens. The results of the study have shown that there was no significant influence of the value of surrounding luminance on the asthenopic symptoms for either type of screen. A general tendency towards bigger visual complaints for LCD TFT than for CRT participants was found. An objective evaluation of visual fatigue demonstrated a tendency towards bigger changes in visual functions with an increase of surrounding luminance for both screens. Statistical analysis of the results has shown that surrounding luminance influences significantly the reduction of the accommodation amplitude (significance level < .05).     

电厂脱硫系统检修过程中发现的主要问题和对策

脱硫系统作为电厂的主要环保设施,其安全稳定运行,直接影响到电厂的环保指标完成情况,本文主要介绍了田集电厂石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫系统在长达6年的商业运行中出现的主要问题：吸收塔喷淋梁冲损,浆液循环泵入口滤网导致吸收塔搅拌器故障停运、烟道积灰坍塌、脱水系统石膏含水量高、石膏输送皮带磨损严重及废水系统达不到额定出力,氧化箱频繁溢流等影响脱硫系统安全稳定运行,通过不断地摸索分析原因并根据现场实际情况进行的有针对性的改造,逐步提高脱硫系统运行的稳定性和安全性。     

基于直接图解法的Salisbury屏吸波结构设计

采用直接图解法分析优化了典型的Salisbury屏吸波结构。借助Smith圆图对隔离层介电常数和阻抗层的参数进行了综合分析和合理优化,得到了特定频段的吸波效果最优的Salisbury屏吸波体结构参数,并采用有限元数值分析方法对Salisbury屏进行计算,验证了本研究中的直接图解法在设计非磁性雷达吸波结构时的准确性。