典型生活污水处理工艺对雌激素效应的去除

针对水环境中内分泌干扰物低浓度、高风险的特点,采用酵母菌法和酶联免疫法对3个污水处理工艺流程中污水的雌激素活性和雌二醇(E2)水平进行评价.结果表明,污水厂进水的雌二醇当量(EEQ)和E2的水平分别为4.35~7.58 ng·L~(-1)和36.95~83.43 ng·L~(-1).雌激素活性和E2的去除主要发生在生物处理阶段,如氧化沟、A~2/O和A~2/O+MBR工艺,且经以上工艺处理之后,雌激素活性和E2分别降低71.10%~75.54%和75.88%~80.72%.污泥对雌激素效应具有一定的去除作用,通过吸附作用污泥的EEQ和E2的含量分别为1.84~2.43 ng·g~(-1)和8.45~12.84 ng·g~(-1).但污水厂出水仍具有较高的雌激素活性,其EEQ为1.06~2.19 ng·L~(-1),对受纳水体的水生生物具有潜在的危害.酶联免疫法与酵母菌法具有很好的一致性,并为水环境雌激素的快速筛选和评价提供了一个新方法.     

A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis (12 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Some anthropogenic pollutants posses the capacity to disrupt endogenous control of developmental and reproductive processes in aquatic biota by activating estrogen receptors. Many anthropogenic estrogen receptor agonists (ERAs) are hydrophobic and will therefore readily partition into the abiotic organic carbon phases present in natural waters. This partitioning process effectively reduces the proportion of ERAs readily available for bioconcentration by aquatic biota. Results from some studies have suggested that for many aquatic species, bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction may be the principal route of uptake for hydrophobic pollutants with logarithm n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) values less than approximately 6.0, which includes the majority of known anthropogenic ERAs. The detection and identification of freely-dissolved readily bioconcentratable ERAs is therefore an important aspect of exposure and risk assessment. However, most studies use conventional techniques to sample total ERA concentrations and in doing so frequently fail to account for bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction. The aim of the current study was to couple the biomimetic sampling properties of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to a bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) scheme for the detection and identification of readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. Methods SPMDs were constructed and deployed at a number of sites in Germany and the UK. Following the dialytic recovery of target compounds and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, SPMD samples were fractionated using a reverse-phase HPLC method calibrated to provide an estimation of target analyte log Kow. A portion of each HPLC fraction was then subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to determine estrogenic potential. Results were plotted in the form of 'estrograms' which displayed profiles of estrogenic potential as a function of HPLC retention time (i.e. hydrophobicity) for each of the samples. Where significant activity was elicited in the YES, the remaining portion of the respective active fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in an attempt to identify the ERAs present. Results and Discussion Estrograms from each of the field samples showed that readily bioconcentratable ERAs were present at each of the sampling sites. Estimated log Kow values for the various active fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.63. For some samples, estrogenic potential was associated with a relatively narrow range of log Kow values whilst in others estrogenic potential was more widely distributed across the respective estrograms. ERAs identified in active fractions included some benzophenones, various nonylphenol isomers, benzyl butyl phthalate, dehydroabietic acid, sitosterol, 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor (4-MBC) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN). Other tentatively identified compounds which may have contributed to the observed YES activity included various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, methylated benzylphenols, various alkylphenols and dialkylphenols. However, potential ERAs present in some active fractions remain unidentified. Conclusions and Outlook Our results show that SPMD-YES-based BDCA can be used to detect and identify readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. As such, this biomimetic approach can be employed as an alternative to conventional methodologies to provide investigators with a more environmentally relevant insight into the distribution and identity of ERAs in surface waters. The use of alternative bioassays also has the potential to expand SPMD-based BDCA to include a wide range of toxicological endpoints. Improvements to the analytical methodology used to identify ERAs or other target compounds in active fractions in the current study could greatly enhance the applicability of the methodology to risk assessment and monitoring programmes.     

采气污水中硫酸盐还原菌选育方法及其生长特性研究

从陕北某含菌采气污水中分离一株硫酸盐还原菌的过程中,对三种培养基进行了筛选,对分离出的菌株进行鉴定、数量检测,同时分别用光学显微镜和扫描电镜进行了形态观察。结果表明:该菌株革兰氏染色阴性,芽孢染色阴性,表面不光滑,有鞭毛,作摇摆式运动;菌体呈杆状或弧状,在SRB测试瓶中呈阳性反应,确定该菌株属于脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)。在适宜条件下,分离得到的SRB在筛选出的培养基中6h后进入对数生长期,48h达到生长最高峰,含菌量为9.5×108个/mL。     

人工湿地床示踪剂的研究

本文介绍了对适宜于人工湿地床的示踪剂筛选的原则和方法，从四种染料和食盐中，选定食盐作为人工湿地床的示踪剂，并介绍了食盐示踪剂的注入方法和检测系统。     

处理氯霉素废水优势菌的筛选

建立了降解氯霉素废水优势菌的筛选方法。经过筛选、分离和驯化后可得到 4个属的优势菌及其在培养基中的生长曲线。这些优势菌分别为黄杆菌属、产碱杆菌属、假单胞菌属和棒杆菌属。将优势菌制成混合菌液 ,用于处理氯霉素废水时 ,12h降解率达 91% ,较SBR法驯化污泥效率高。     

含氟有机化合物优势降解菌的筛选

从受含氟有机物长期污染的污泥中驯化筛选得到7株优势降解菌，可利用氟代有机化合物为唯一大风大浪原生长。取其中2株菌进行生物忍耐力及生物降解实验，结果表明：菌株对经过台化的有机物有较强的忍受能力，在浓度高达1000mg/L的条件下仍能生长，全氟辛酸可被筛选菌脱氟降解。     

环境优先污染物简易筛选法初探

文章用化合物的潜在危害指数来指示物质对环境的毒性,结合江苏省饮用水中丰、平、枯三个水期测定出的有机物污染物的检出浓度和检出频次,利用分级、加权法对检出的化合物进行排序,从而筛选出江苏省饮用水中的优先监测污染物.文章所提出的方法具有一定的合理性和可操作性.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养及其化学特征初探

采用某化工厂污水处理车间回流活性污泥富集的菌种 ,通过筛选获得一株絮凝活性较高的菌株TH6 ,经鉴定为黑曲霉 (As pergillusniger)群。条件实验结果表明TH6的最适生长条件为 :蔗糖作碳源 ,NaNO3或脲作氮源 ,pH6 .0 ,温度 30℃ ,摇床转速 1 50r/min ,培养时间 64h可达最高絮凝活性。经测定 ,TH6所产絮凝剂的主要成分是多糖类物质。