城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局的研究

认真落实科学发展观统筹城乡发展,是党中央国务院在新时期的重大战略决策,面对新形势新要求,区域城乡污染物控制究竟做些什么、怎么做,本课题带着这一系列的问题,从城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局入手,以江苏扬州市为范例,围绕生态市建设、沿江与沿河开发、乡镇水环境保护问题,对区域城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局进行全面认真的研究。目的是从生态市建设、污染物总量控制的角度,思考乡镇经济社会发展对水体环境的影响及其对策,重点关注乡镇工业园区或工业集中区、乡镇镇区污水处理设施建设和布局的问题,为实现城乡区域统筹发展提供一些驾驭的能力。     

Predictors of restraint use among child occupants

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify factors that predict restraint use and optimal restraint use among children aged 0 to 13 years.

Methods: The data set is a national sample of police-reported crashes for years 2010–2014 in which type of child restraint is recorded. The data set was supplemented with demographic census data linked by driver ZIP code, as well as a score for the state child restraint law during the year of the crash relative to best practice recommendations for protecting child occupants. Analysis used linear regression techniques.

Results: The main predictor of unrestrained child occupants was the presence of an unrestrained driver. Among restrained children, children had 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.27, 2.17) times higher odds of using the recommended type of restraint system if the state law at the time of the crash included requirements based on best practice recommendations.

Conclusions: Children are more likely to ride in the recommended type of child restraint when their state's child restraint law includes wording that follows best practice recommendations for child occupant protection. However, state child restraint law requirements do not influence when caregivers fail to use an occupant restraint for their child passengers.     

外加电流阴极保护中深井阳极的布置

针对某输油管道工程,为保障阴极保护效果的同时,减少阴极保护对周边金属构筑物产生直流杂散电流的干扰。结合现有相关标准规范以及阴极保护干扰的产生机理,对深井阳极的布置位置和阴极保护方案进行对比分析。由于该工程输油管道将分输库整体包围,如库外长输管道全部采取外加电流的阴极保护形式,无论阳极井如何布置,阴极保护电流均有可能对分输库内储罐等金属构筑物产生杂散电流干扰,此时阳极井的位置需从施工、维护、保护电流的发散以及投资等方面比选确定。为了实现外输管道得到有效保护,且最大程度减小阴极保护电流对分输库内储罐等金属构筑物的干扰,可采取对由分支点进出库区的成品油管道与干线绝缘,并对该部分管道施加牺牲阳极保护的形式。     

县级城市（镇）环境噪声标准适用区域划分方法和程序探讨

在总结了本地区县级城市(镇)噪声区划工作的基础上,介绍县级城市(镇)环境噪声标准适用区域划分的一般方法和程序。     

工业项目地下水污染监测井布设方案的定量化研究

工业成品生产过程中各类装置所产生的污染源严重威胁着工业建设项目厂区及其周边地下水环境安全,对工业项目厂区及其周边地下水水质进行有效的监测则成为防控地下水污染风险的关键。以某石化项目为例,基于对研究区水文地质条件的剖析和概化,通过野外水文地质调查及现场试验获取水文地质参数,利用FEFLOW数值模拟软件建立研究区地下水三维非稳定渗流模型和溶质运移模型,分析预测设定工况下污染物随地下水的迁移规律,实现了地下水污染监测井布设方案在时间和空间尺度上的定量化分析,并提出了合理且有效的监控管理措施,可为工业项目地下水监测井的精细化布设提供参考。     

A new method for calculating saddle seat height with an emphasis on optimal posture based on trigonometric relations

Introduction. Based on the literature, the ergonomic saddle chair provides the most appropriate posture for users. Determination of the seat height is critical to establish the proper posture, carried out using various methods of anthropometry. This study aimed to develop a simple and applied method for determining the saddle seat height with an emphasis on appropriate posture. Methods. In this study, anthropometric dimensions including weight, body height, popliteal height and seat height at 135° knee angle in 150 male and female dentists were measured. In the laboratory, to determine the ‘acetabuloischial number’, 25 male and female natural hip bones were measured. The mean saddle-chair height with knee angle of 135° was then compared by two different methods, field measurement and the new calculation method. Results. The results showed a strong correlation between data gathered from the two different methods, the field measurement and the new calculation method (98%), and Cronbach’s α from the intraclass correlation was equal to 0.994 (p?<?0.05). This indicated that the two methods produced similar results. Conclusion. The new method can be applied to calculate the optimal height of the saddle seat based on body height and popliteal height.     

Seat belt use and fit among drivers aged 75 years and older in their own vehicles

Objective: This article aims to describe seat belt wearing patterns and quality of seat belt fit among drivers aged 75 years and older. A secondary aim is to explore associations between body shape, comfort, and seat belt use patterns.

Methods: This is an observation and survey study of a cohort of 380 drivers aged 75 years and over. During home visits, photographs were taken of the drivers in their vehicles for later analysis of belt fit and a short survey was also administered to collect demographic data and information about seat belt use and comfort. Seat belt fit and use of belt and seat accessories were analyzed from the photographs.

Results: Data from 367 participants with photographs were analyzed. Whereas 97% reported using a seat belt and 90% reported their seat belt to be comfortable, 21% reported repositioning their seat belt to improve comfort. Good sash and lap belt fit were achieved in 53 and 59% of participants, respectively, but only 35% achieved overall good fit. Both poor sash and lap belt fit were observed in 23% of participants. Drivers who were in the obese category had over twice the odds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.1) of having a poor lap belt fit than those in the normal body mass index [BMI] range, and drivers who were overweight had 1.8 times the odds (95% CI, 1.1–2.9) of having poor lap belt fit. Older females also had twice the odds (95% CI, 1.3–3.5) of poor lap belt fit compared to older males, regardless of BMI. Sash belt fit did not vary significantly by BMI, stature, or gender. However older drivers who reported that they had not made any adjustments to the D-ring height had 1.7 times the odds of having poor sash belt fit than those who made adjustments (1.2–2.9). Females were 7.3 times more likely to report comfort problems than males (95% CI, 3.2, 16.3) but there was no association between reported comfort and BMI or seat belt fit. Drivers who reported comfort problems had 6 times the odds (3.2–13.6) of also reporting active repositioning of the belt.

Conclusions: The results suggest that older drivers face challenges in achieving comfortable and correct seat belt fit. This may have a negative impact on crash protection. Belt fit problems appear to be associated with body shape, particularly high BMI and gender. There is a need for further investigation of comfort accessories; in the interim, older drivers and occupants should be encouraged to use features such as D-ring adjusters to improve sash belt fit.     

不同楼梯布局条件下行人疏散效果仿真研究

为研究不同楼梯类型的行人疏散效果，改进传统社会力模型，模拟4种常见梯形中行人的疏散过程，并通过总疏散时间和平均疏散速度指标以及微观速度密度分布图分析其疏散效果中存在的内在物理机制。研究表明:从安全和高效疏散角度上看，在限定空间中，单跑无平台梯形布局有利于低密度人群下人员的快速疏散；在中、高密度人群中，双分梯形的分流特点更有利于人员安全、快速疏散。从微观密度、速度分布图可看到这4种梯形在人员疏散过程中均易造成人员聚集拥堵，但发生事故风险的位置不同。单跑有、无平台梯形在楼梯上端和下端均易发生拥堵，且此时速度值大，发生事故的风险高；双分与双跑梯形在楼梯与平台的转角处易发生拥堵。     

Sitting Comfort of Ergonomic Office Chairs—Developed Versus Intuitive Evaluation

The sitting comfort of office chairs with different ergonomic layouts (inferior, superior) was examined. Fifty participants were randomly assigned to a 2 × 5 factorial experimental design with 2 different conditions of ergonomic chair layout (inferior or superior) and 5 different conditions of instruction to explore the chair. Four conditions were created to differentiate between various levels of perceptual awareness and processing of chair-related information (guided exploration and developed evaluation). In a 5th condition, participants remained uninstructed (free exploration and intuitive exploration). Under guided exploration, the participants’ perception of sitting comfort was in line with objective differences in the chair layout. Different conditions of guided exploration, however, did not influence the evaluations. Under free exploration, the participants’ perceptions did not match the ergonomic chair layout. In contrast to participants under guided exploration, they even rated the ergonomically inferior office chair more favourably than the ergonomically superior chair.     

基于VEGA和DCGA的化工园区布局优化研究

化工园区布局优化是一个复杂的多目标优化问题,建立了以事故风险和经济收益为两个优化指标的化工园区布局优化模型,以潜在死亡人数(PLL)表征事故风险,以销售收入表征经济收益;从算法的正确性、有效性及其搜索性能上提出了三条化工园区布局优化算法性能的评价准则;基于向量评价遗传算法(VEGA)和基于确定性拥挤机制的小生境遗传算法(DCGA)分别对化工园区布局优化进行研究,并对比分析了优化计算结果,得出:建立的化工园区双目标布局优化模型和提出的优化方法是可行的,计算所得的Pareto最优解对化工园区布局具有较好的参考价值;VEGA算法仅能满足部分准则要求,而DCGA算法能同时满足三条评价准则要求,可知DCGA算法适用于化工园区布局优化。