南黄海鳀鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鳀鱼产卵期在鳀鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料,利用Brey's(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194.3 ind.m-2,平均生物量以去灰干重计,为4.08 g m-2,平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.09 g m-2a-1.研究表明,生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.32a-1.对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论,证明生产力随水深的加大而降低,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表1参25     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…     

饮用水中二级胺的气相色谱快速检测方法研究

以二甲胺、二乙胺、甲乙胺、吗啉和N-甲基苄胺5种二级胺代表物质为例,分别使用气相色谱-氢火焰(GC-FID)技术和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术检测饮用水中二级胺质量浓度。结果表明,使用优化的预处理方法处理后进样分析,5种代表物质的线性范围在20~2 000μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤0.46%,最低检出限在3.18~24.19μg/L。FID比MSD具有较强优势。该方法对于直链脂肪类和杂环类的二级胺都有良好的检测效果,可用于对饮用水二级胺类物质的检测。     

A Contemporary Assessment of Change in Humid Tropical Forests

Abstract: In recent decades the rate and geographic extent of land‐use and land‐cover change has increased throughout the world's humid tropical forests. The pan‐tropical geography of forest change is a challenge to assess, and improved estimates of the human footprint in the tropics are critical to understanding potential changes in biodiversity. We combined recently published and new satellite observations, along with images from Google Earth and a literature review, to estimate the contemporary global extent of deforestation, selective logging, and secondary regrowth in humid tropical forests. Roughly 1.4% of the biome was deforested between 2000 and 2005. As of 2005, about half of the humid tropical forest biome contained 50% or less tree cover. Although not directly comparable to deforestation, geographic estimates of selective logging indicate that at least 20% of the humid tropical forest biome was undergoing some level of timber harvesting between 2000 and 2005. Forest recovery estimates are even less certain, but a compilation of available reports suggests that at least 1.2% of the humid tropical forest biome was in some stage of long‐term secondary regrowth in 2000. Nearly 70% of the regrowth reports indicate forest regeneration in hilly, upland, and mountainous environments considered marginal for large‐scale agriculture and ranching. Our estimates of the human footprint are conservative because they do not resolve very small‐scale deforestation, low‐intensity logging, and unreported secondary regrowth, nor do they incorporate other impacts on tropical forest ecosystems, such as fire and hunting. Our results highlight the enormous geographic extent of forest change throughout the humid tropics and the considerable limitations of the science and technology available for such a synthesis.     

利用气体-气溶胶在线测量技术研究乌鲁木齐颗粒物水溶性组分与气体污染

将气体-气溶胶收集装置与离子色谱联用技术（GAC）应用于冬季重污染地区乌鲁木齐,对当地大气中痕量气体与气溶胶中的水溶性组分进行了为期2周的在线测量,并结合膜采样结果、PM10质量浓度及气溶胶消光系数等数据初步分析了污染物的变化规律与重污染成因.结果表明,GAC测得的氯盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐与膜采样方法测得的相应组分数值显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.92(p<0.0001)、0.89(p<0.0001)、090 (p<0.0001).乌鲁木齐大气污染极其严重,氯盐、硫酸盐和二氧化硫浓度都非常高,这在其他地区较为罕见;二氧化硫、氯盐、硝酸盐与硫酸盐分别呈现不同的日变化规律;整个采样期间出现了1次极端污染天气,API值达到500,该日硫转化率（SOR）和氮转化率（NOR）的小时平均值最高达到0.69与0.36,说明二次转化也可能是形成重污染天气的主要原因.高浓度的PM10对能见度影响极大,PM2.5中的氯盐与气溶胶消光系数的相关系数最大,硫酸盐与硝酸盐次之,而硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氯盐这3种盐类对PM10的贡献依次递减.     

农田生态系统四川短尾鼩种群能量动态的研究

用标志重捕法对四川短尾鼩种群数量及能量动态研究.结果表明：种群数量在每年6月和10月有两个高峰;四川短尾鼩的只采食量为4．212±0．86g／d,排泄量为2．18±0．12g／d身体器官热值为15．50kJ／g．食物热值为16．51kJ／g．生物量为214．38±59．96g／hm2,静止代谢率r（RMR）为22．909kJ／d,通过种群的能量为50．74kJ／d,次级生产量为169．25kJ／ha·d,生长效率（P／A）为0．097,本文用Odum的能路语言（energycircuitlanguape）,对四川短尾在生态系统中的能量地位进行了定位.     

弄拉岩溶区次生林的生态水文效应

于2006年5月至7月对广西弄拉兰电堂泉水源林区各类水样的物理化学特征进行了研究。通过收集弄拉兰电堂泉集水区次生乔木林中的大气降雨、穿透雨、树干径流雨和表层岩溶泉水,对其中的化学成分含量和pH值进行了分析测定。结果表明:大气降雨经过森林层后,化学成分的总含量增加了;各种养分元素表现出不同的变化,Cl-和Na 减少,其余各离子以及TC、TIC和TOC都表现出增加,对应于每场降雨后的泉水中各成分的变化不是很显著;穿透雨和树干径流雨的pH值表现为下降,泉水的pH值变化幅度较小。经过次生林后的雨水可促进岩溶作用和表层岩溶带的生物地球化学循环,增加土壤中某些碱性元素的有效态。     

管式O3/UV-BAF处理印染生化尾水的中试实验

以印染污水生化处理出水为研究对象,组建了集管式臭氧/紫外(O3/UV)反应系统、臭氧发生系统、气液分离系统、臭氧破坏系统和生物曝气滤池(BAF)系统为一体的中试集成设备。分别研究了各单元及O3/UV-BAF一体化设备的运行效果。结果表明,COD范围为62.3~102.1 mg·L-1,平均值为83.2 mg·L-1时的进水经过O3/UV处理后,BOD5浓度可增加3倍以上,该处理单元可提高污水的生化性能;而单独BAF处理,COD去除率仅为22.5％,表明该污水生化性能较差(BOD5/COD=0.117)且出水COD浓度也不能达到排放标准;O3/UV-BAF联合工艺对印染废水则呈现良好的处理,出水COD去除率达到46.93%,UV254去除率为39.73%。此外,该联合工艺对色度、TN和TP也具有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为54%、34.52%和53.81%,均可达到排放标准。通过对O3/UV-BAF一体化中试设备的评估,为管式O3/UV高级氧化大规模工程应用提供技术支撑。     

微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复配处理污水厂二级出水

探讨了微生物絮凝剂处理二级出水过程中投加量和pH值对溶解性有机碳和浊度处理效果的影响,及将微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝按不同比例复配后的去除效果及pH值对最佳投药量下去除效果的影响。并使用三维荧光光谱（3DEEM）分析了不同种类的絮凝剂在去除水中溶解性有机物（DOM）时的差别。实验结果表明：微生物絮凝剂的最佳投药量为20 mg·L-1,最适pH值为7.5,此时TOC去除率为17%,浊度去除率为45%。最佳复配投药量为微生物絮凝剂10 mg·L-1聚合氯化铝20 mg·L-1,最适pH值为7,此时TOC去除率为33%,浊度去除率为51%。复配使用对腐殖质有很好的去除效果。