A Contemporary Assessment of Change in Humid Tropical Forests

Abstract: In recent decades the rate and geographic extent of land‐use and land‐cover change has increased throughout the world's humid tropical forests. The pan‐tropical geography of forest change is a challenge to assess, and improved estimates of the human footprint in the tropics are critical to understanding potential changes in biodiversity. We combined recently published and new satellite observations, along with images from Google Earth and a literature review, to estimate the contemporary global extent of deforestation, selective logging, and secondary regrowth in humid tropical forests. Roughly 1.4% of the biome was deforested between 2000 and 2005. As of 2005, about half of the humid tropical forest biome contained 50% or less tree cover. Although not directly comparable to deforestation, geographic estimates of selective logging indicate that at least 20% of the humid tropical forest biome was undergoing some level of timber harvesting between 2000 and 2005. Forest recovery estimates are even less certain, but a compilation of available reports suggests that at least 1.2% of the humid tropical forest biome was in some stage of long‐term secondary regrowth in 2000. Nearly 70% of the regrowth reports indicate forest regeneration in hilly, upland, and mountainous environments considered marginal for large‐scale agriculture and ranching. Our estimates of the human footprint are conservative because they do not resolve very small‐scale deforestation, low‐intensity logging, and unreported secondary regrowth, nor do they incorporate other impacts on tropical forest ecosystems, such as fire and hunting. Our results highlight the enormous geographic extent of forest change throughout the humid tropics and the considerable limitations of the science and technology available for such a synthesis.     

云南磷石膏综合利用现状及次生环境问题

调查了云南磷石膏的特性和磷石膏的综合利用现状,分析了云南磷石膏目前的综合利用技术情况,探讨了综合利用过程中存在的次生环境问题,并从技术和管理的角度提出了对策建议。     

化工园区水环境风险公共应急设施布局研究

重大事故状态下,单个化工企业的风险防控设施(应急池等)无法控制事故污水的情形下,整个化工园区的公共应急设施十分必要.在化工园区环境风险特征分析、突发事故次生水环境污染发生过程分析的基础上,提出建立整个化工园区的水环境风险三级防控体系,统一规划布局园区水环境风险公共应急设施,保障事故污水不出园区,根本上提高对事故污水的控制能力,最后以某临港化工园区进行案例分析.     

浅析原油罐二次密封在线改造过程中的风险与对策

介绍了外浮顶储罐二次密封的机理,剖析了原油储罐二次密封在线改造过程中潜在的风险,并结合某企业改造案例提出了控制措施,对类似油罐二次密封在线改造具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Fenton氧化深度处理石化废水厂二级出水研究

采用连续流Fenton氧化对石化废水处理厂二级出水进行了处理试验,研究了药剂投量对COD及磷处理效果的影响,同时对处理过程中有机物的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,原水COD平均为64.8 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均为0.79 mg·L-1,当H2O2(30%)投加量为0.4 m L·L-1,Fe SO4·7H2O的投加量为0.8 g·L-1,PAM投加量为0.9 mg·L-1,停留时间为30 min时,COD的平均去除率为24.3%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均去除率为95.5%,原水中相对分子质量小于1×103的有机物占80.4%,Fenton氧化处理后该部分比例增加至95.6%.三维荧光分析结果表明,Fenton氧化对水中蛋白类、酚类去除效果显著.GC-MS结果表明,石化二级出水中检出主要有机物约117种,氧化后检出27种,含不饱和键类有机物去除明显.Fenton氧化可用于石化二级出水的深度处理.     

A Matrix‐Calibrated Species‐Area Model for Predicting Biodiversity Losses Due to Land‐Use Change

Abstract: Application of island biogeography theory to prediction of species extinctions resulting from habitat loss is based on the assumption that the transformed landscape matrix is completely inhospitable to the taxa considered, despite evidence demonstrating the nontrivial influence of matrix on populations within habitat remnants. The island biogeography paradigm therefore needs refining to account for specific responses of taxa to the area of habitat “islands” and to the quality of the surrounding matrix. We incorporated matrix effects into island theory by partitioning the slope (z value) of species–area relationships into two components: γ, a constant, and σ, a measure of taxon‐specific responses to each component of a heterogeneous matrix. We used our matrix‐calibrated model to predict extinction and endangerment of bird species resulting from land‐use change in 20 biodiversity hotspots and compared these predictions with observed numbers of extinct and threatened bird species. We repeated this analysis with the conventional species–area model and the countryside species–area model, considering alternative z values of 0.35 (island) or 0.22 (continental). We evaluated the relative strength of support for each of the five candidate models with Akaike's information criterion (AIC). The matrix‐calibrated model had the highest AIC weight (w_i = 89.21%), which means the weight of evidence in support of this model was the optimal model given the set of candidate models and the data. In addition to being a valuable heuristic tool for assessing extinction risk, our matrix‐calibrated model also allows quantitative assessment of biodiversity benefits (and trade‐offs) of land‐management options in human‐dominated landscapes. Given that processes of secondary regeneration have become more widespread across tropical regions and are predicted to increase, our matrix‐calibrated model will be increasingly appropriate for practical conservation in tropical landscapes.     

Copula-Based Bivariate Return Period Analysis and Its Implication to Hydrological Design Event

In univariate frequency analysis, the return period of an event has a one-to-one correspondence with its characteristic value, and the response of the hydraulic structure to hydrological load expressed by the hydrological event is monotonic. Thus, the design criteria of the hydraulic structure can be equivalently represented by the return period of the hydrological event, and consequently, design event-based design parameters evaluated have been widely used in practical engineering. However, the monotonic correspondence between the return period of the hydrological event and the response of the hydraulic structure does not exist in the multivariate context, and hydrological load with a larger joint return period does not always produce a more unsafe response. Misunderstandings of concepts of return periods of hydrological event, and estimation of hydrological design events usually take place in multivariate frequency analysis. This study theoretically derives the relations between different types of joint return periods, joint return period and its marginal return periods, the occurrence of bivariate extreme events and their return periods, and then the theoretical framework is tested. Results from the case contribute to the understanding of bivariate return periods of hydrological event, and the results demonstrate that design criteria cannot be equivalently represented by joint return periods of hydrological load, and design parameters of the hydraulic structure should not be determined by multivariate hydrological design events.     

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMPACTS OF A WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: At a time in history when water resource development in the United States is being condemned as both economically inefficient and an environmental disaster, perhaps economists need to look back at previous development to see what the fruits of water development (be they sweet or sour) have been. The Boise Project of south-western Idaho is 70 years old and to some people it represents a gross error in resource use, while to others it represents a means of livelihood and well being. A recent research project at the University of Idaho attempted to measure not only the direct economic income benefits of the project (from irrigation), but also the indirect or secondary income benefits (from the food processing industry). Periodic regional input-output tables were constructed to assess the income generated from irrigation and food processing over the period from 1946 to 1970. Input-output analysis allowed researchers to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of both the irrigation sector and the food processing sector and to compare their growth over time.     

Assessment Of A Natural Wetland For Use In Wastewater Remediation

An environmental study was conducted to assess various aspects of the water and sediment quality of a natural wetland to determine its feasibility for advanced wastewater treatment in Louisiana. Nitrate (NO₃), nitrite (NO₂), ammonia (NH₄), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus, chloride, total organic carbon, pH, trace metals, fecal coliform, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were monitored. Productivity of a dominant shrub, Iva frutescens, in the wetland was also assessed. Research results indicated that gradients of chloride and salinity concentrations showed a broad mixing of the discharged fresh water into the more saline natural brackish waters. This provided an ideal pattern for nutrient assimilation by the receiving marsh. NH₄ was reduced in the range of 50–100% when all combinations of sources and outflows were considered. For total phosphorus and TKN, reduction ranged from 0–95.1% and 11.2–89.7%, respectively. Some nutrient concentrations in the effluent outlet, NO₃ in particular, were lower than background concentrations found in the reference wetland. Sediment and water showed no significant deficiency or toxicity problems for the major nutrients and metals analyzed. The secondary effluent discharges had little demonstrable negative impact on the wetland during the study period from 1995 to 1996.     

济南地下水资源系统多目标管理模型及模糊带权方法

根据济南地下水资源系统管理研究,建立了济南地下水资源系统多目标管理模型;利用模糊数学理论,提出一种模糊带权方法,它能同时解决互为矛盾、互为竞争的各目标之间的不可比性和主次性问题。实际计算表明,本文建立的多目标管理模型和提出的方法是合理的和有效的。